236 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences , Arts and Letters. 
Such is the character of the moraine for a distance of ten or twelve 
miles. About three miles northwest of Leipsic, near the center of town¬ 
ship 2 north, range 7 east, the Leipsic or second beach crosses the moraine, 
and from there northwestward the moraine has a comparatively smooth 
surface, the result of wave action subsequent to the retreat of the ice. 
The portion of the moraine of especial interest is the knob and basin 
tract, above described. If my interpretation be correct this owes its 
peculiar topography and structure to the presence of lake water beneath 
the ice-margin. This portion of the moraine has an altitude but slightly 
below the level of the Van Wert Beach, consequently the water was 
shallow and incapable of buoying up the ice-sheet and producing ice¬ 
bergs. The result was what might be anticipated under such conditions 
of deposition, a variable structure produced by the motion of water 
under the edge of the melting ice-sheet, and an uneven surface moulded 
by the inequalities of its base and margin. It may be suggested that 
the moraine received its sandy deposits from a lake that covered it after 
the ice had retreated. It seems improbable, however, that such was the 
case, (1) because the sandy deposits are not in the form of a beach nor 
in any way connected with a well defined beach, but consist of sharp 
knolls similar to the clay knolls of the moraine; (2) because the sand in 
places graduates into clay of glacial origin showing contemporaneous 
deposition with it; (3) because the basins and depressions are so sharp 
and of such a form and arrangement as to forbid the idea that wave 
action was long exerted on them; (4) the portion of the moraine north¬ 
westward from where the Leipsic beach crosses, affords a clear illustra¬ 
tion of the effect of an open lake on the moraine, its surface being 
smooth and its sand either a uniform coating or aggregated into forms 
clearly referable to wave or wind action. It is fortunate that the lake 
in its later stages fell short a few feet of reaching its earlier maximum 
stage, and thus left unmodified a portion of what appears to be a lake- 
deposited moraine. So far as I am aware no case of a moraine demon¬ 
strably formed in lake water has been reported from other parts of the 
glaciated district, but it is not improbable that other instances will be 
found when attention is directed more closely to the subject, if they 
have not already been observed by other students. It is quite probable 
that in portions of this moraine further north there will be found other 
places similar to that described. 
Summing up the phenomena of this district it appears, (1) that the 
Van Wert ridge terminates near Findlay, Ohio, and that east from there 
the Blanchard moraine is its correlative, (2) that the Blanchard moraine 
from near the line of Putnam and Hancock counties northward was 
deposited in lake water. The beach as well as the morainic phenomena, 
therefore, support the hypothesis that the lake bounded by the Van 
Wert beach was of glacial age. 
