308 
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences , Arts and Letters. 
We discovered at Green lake, a circle or ring of earth in the midst of a 
large number of effigies, the fox, eagle, wild goose, but the squirrels 
largely preponderated. This ring was situated not far from the village, 
the village being near the water, with the squirrels guarding its gate¬ 
ways, but a council house on the hilltop remote from the water. One 
peculiarity of these so-called council houses, we do not understand. 
We find around them so many effigies which are different from the clan 
emblems, a strange mixture of animal forms. In Catlin’s Indians is a 
description of a medicine lodge of the Mandans. The medicine man sits 
in his lodge and summons all the animals which are the totems of all 
the tribes. We have the same picture in the effigies. In one place at 
Lake Koshkonong, we have the eagle, turtle, the fish, pigeon, woodcock, 
the blue heron, the wolf, the lizzard and many other animals. At West 
Bend we have the lizzard, the wolf, wild cat, coon, snake, and about a 
dozen squirrels. At Baraboo we have the elk, buffalo, bear, wolf, eagle, 
coon, fox, and a large number of mink. At Beloit, the panthers, wolf, 
bear, pigeon and several turtles. All of these are grouped together in a 
very remarkable manner. We call these council houses, but we do not 
understand all of the features that are embodied in the group. This is 
the point which we confess to be obscure, but think we are on the bor¬ 
ders of a constructive, rich field, but do not pretend to have fathomed 
the subject. 
VI. The citadels or sacred enclosures will be considered next. Here we 
draw a distinction between groups of effigies, in the midst of which are 
the circles or earth-rings which we call council houses and the long lines 
of effigies at the end of which are what we call “ sacred enclosures,” but 
which Mr. S. Taylor called “ citadels.” These are lines of long mounds 
which have no “ citadels ” or “ inclosures ” connected with them. These are 
placed “ generally,” at the summit of long narrow bluffs, on high land, and 
were probably used either as screens or hedges or barriers to stop the flight 
of wild game, to drive them into narrow openings, or as elevated roads for 
hunters to run upon when they were chasing the game. They are in the 
most sightly places, and are elevated to a uniform height and run along 
the summit of the bluff for many miles. There are very few effigies con¬ 
nected with them. They are different from the lines at the end of which 
are the citadels. The “ citadels,” so called, are nothing but little clus¬ 
ters of effigies, five or six in number, so arranged that they form a sort of 
enclosure. In the center of the area, there is always to be seen a mound 
of some kind, either a high lookout mound, or an effigy. There are many 
such citadels, at least one to every clan habitat. A good illustration of 
this is found in the isolated clusters in the Port Andrews group opposite 
Boscobel. (See fig. 3 and 5) Here the effigy is a swallow—a totem of the clan 
which lies to the west. It is surrounded by long mounds, and forms an 
unique cluster. It is at the end of a long line of effigies, all of them swal¬ 
lows. Another example is found near Muscoda. The group is here prom- 
