62 
Indian Forest Records. 
rv<*. vii. 
found that the codling moth produces three complete generations and a 
partial fourth in that locality, as against 1 complete and 1 incomplete 
generation in the northern states ; and that larvae of all broods may 
overwinter without transforming. In one of the years under observa¬ 
tion, 7-16 per cent, of the first brood larvae, 19-98 per cent, of the second 
brood, 75-06 per cent, of the third brood and 100 per cent, of the 
fourth brood passed through the winter. 
In our breeding cages there were no observed cases of abnormally 
delayed development and no indications of a tendency on the part of 
early brood larvae to overwinter. It is, however, not improbable 
that late fourth brood larvae hibernate and do not transform until the 
following spring. The percentage cannot be high since it is not cons¬ 
picuous. 
2. Seasonal History in the Punjab. 
The observations made by B. 0. Coventry in Changa Manga plan¬ 
tation, Lahore Division, in 1898 led him to conclude that two generations 
of Hypsipyla robusta occurred in that locality, the first feeding on flower 
and fruits, and the second boring into the shoots. He represented 
the cycle by the following diagram :— 
Year. 
J an. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
April. 
May. 
J une. 
July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
1898 
- ®* 
**** 
* *** 
.... 
- - - - 
**** 
**** 
1899 
**** 
**** 
** ** 
* = imago or moth. *=imago and egg stage. 
-=larval stage. # = pupal stage. 
-^denotes period during which Insect is destructive. 
“ The egg stage and duration of the imago stage in the second gene¬ 
ration is doubtful.” 
No connected seasonal history studies have been carried out in 
the Punjab ; but if isolated records are pieced together, it will be seen 
that the inference of a 5-generation cycle similar to that occurring at 
Dehra Dun is Justified. 
Coventry, loc cit, p. 368, noted that larvae occurred feeding on fruits 
and flowers on April 24th. “ By May 1st the larvae were more or less 
fully grown and were to be found in swarms, on the trunks of the trees. 
.The trunks of the trees were covered with a dense mass of 
silken threads,” Pupation was noted on the 29th April ; moths were 
obtained on May 6th, and by May 15th all pupae collected had produced 
moths. The pupal stage was found to last for one week or ten days. 
It is evident that these observations refer to the 2nd generation. 
[ 207 ] 
