Part VIII] Smythies : Afforestation of Ravine Lands 
27 
The D. F. 0. in charge of from 12 to 20 works, 10,000 to 15,000 
labourers, which is as much as he can control. 
He should see each work once a month. 
The labour that comes to the work is classified and divided into 
gangs. Most of the work consists of—- 
(1) Digging. 
(2) Ridging. 
(3) Bandhing. 
A digging gang consists of 30 B units (either male gang or female 
gang). 
A ridging gang consists of 30 C units (male and female mixed) with 
a corresponding number of I) or G units. One worker makes the trench 
and ridge, while the child breaks up the clods on the ridge, to make a 
suitable seed bed for the development of the young seedlings. 
A bandhing gang consists of— 
10 or 12 diggers. 
10 to 20 C earth carriers. 
10 B or D rammers. 
10 to 20 or more G children and feeble old folk for clod breaking. 
A variety of miscellaneous jobs on each work also absorb each its 
own small gang, i.e., (4) Fencing. (5) Well-making, (6) Clearing trees 
and shrubs, (7) Water supply, (8) Boad making, etc. 
6. The standard daily task for every type of work has to be clearly 
defined. After a good deal of trial and ex¬ 
periment, the following standard tasks were 
finally adopted in the Etawah 1919 famine work. 
Standardisation of Tasks. 
(i) Digging .—The varieties of soil hardness in these ravine lands 
are so considerable that one standard task for all conditions 
of soil was found to be impracticable. The following varia¬ 
tions were adopted:— 
{a) In soft flat ravine bottoms, and where the soil had been 
worked in previous year. 
1. B man—160 c. ft. (160 sq. ft. to 1 ft. depth). 
1. Gang of 30 B men—4,800 c. ft. 
(6) On average unworked land, and moderate slopes— 
1. B man—120 c. ft. 
1. Gang of 30 B men—3,600 c. ft. 
(c) On hard kankar ridges and very steep slopes— 
1. B man—100 c. ft. 
1. Gang of 30 B men—3,000 c. ft. 
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