European and Japanese Gardens 
formality, flatness or brilliancy of the parterres, gravel walks, 
and marble pavements. The trees most in use are the stone 
pine, poplar and cypress, for the more massive effects ; palm 
trees occasionally for isolated points of interest, and the ilex, box 
and yew for hedges and for the smaller avenues; these last 
three being well adapted for topiarv-work or tree-clipping on 
account of their fine and very dense foliage. The stone pine 
with its straight trunk and dignified outline, with its dark and 
THE TREATMENT OF TREES IS CHARACTERISTIC’ 
Avenue of the Villa Borghese 
cypresses or poplars against the sky, and contrasting in the 
purple darkness of its evergreen foliage with the lighter and 
gayer colors of the bright, sun-bathed architecture and garden 
walls. These trees furnish shade, coolness and repose, and 
in the older gardens they are sometimes of enormous size. 
Secondly, they are used to form avenues where the grounds 
are sufficiently extensive, as in the Pamfili Doria Villa, the Villa 
d’Este, or the Mattei Villa. Thirdly, at specified points in the 
flower-garden, or even on the second terrace, to relieve the 
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