I 
Single Relations Between Thoughts. 
35 
"Rather A is the uncle of B” means in full "As preferred al¬ 
ternative to A’s being the father of B, A is the uncle of B. ” 
The structure is otherwise obviously the same as in the case of 
" or. ” 
CLASS V. CONDITION RELATIONS. 
(a) Relation of condition to conclusion , expressed by “ if ” 
or an equivalent word or phrase. 
This relation, so far as observed, is named in the first part 
of a complex sentence; e. g. "If you had helped, I should 
have succeeded.” This value of " if" is plainly the same 
as that of a preposition, as appears in the equivalent " with 
your helping. ” This value, in combination with the substantively 
taken following thought, forms an adverbial adjunct of the last 
thought. But the case falls without the present field. 
(b) Relation of conclusion to condition , expressed by " then, " 
" IN THAT CASE, ” " SO. ” 
The condition is often independently formulated. It is rein¬ 
stated as part of the conclusion by the thought-connective; 
e. g. " Suppose you had been there. Then you would have 
helped. ” The word " then ” means " in that case ” or " as con¬ 
clusion to that condition. ” Accordingly " then ” (1) reinstates 
your supposed presence; (2) names the relation of conclusion to 
condition between your helping and your presence. Stated in 
full, but with modified perspective, the value is accordingly: 
" Suppose you had been there. Your helping would have been 
in relation of conclusion to condition with your being there. ” 
This relation, as usual, is reverse. It and reinstatement com¬ 
bine as adverb in the last sentence. 
CLASS VI. CAUSAL RELATIONS. 
(a) Relation of effect to cause , employing the connectives 
HENCE, CONSEQUENTLY, ACCORDINGLY, SO, SO THAT , 1 THEREFORE, 
THUS. 
1 Of these the form “ so that ” is strictly incorrect. Its proper function 
is to introduce a result employed as a measure of the intensity of some 
preceding element; e. g. “ The iron is so hot that I cannot hold it.” That 
is, the iron is hot to the degree indicated by my inability to hold it. The 
different use of “ so ” in the present class of cases appears in the example, 
