Single Relations Between Thoughts. 
87 
sufficiently treated in the typical “therefore.” It is enough, then, 
to note again that in the present cases a preceding thought is 
reinstated in substantive function. This reinstated thought, 
combined with relation, is used as adverbial adjunct in the 
second thought. The relation is reverse. 
(b) Relation of effect to counter-cause , employing the connect¬ 
ives HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS. 
By this is meant the relation which exists between a second 
phenomenon and a first, when the first does not cause the second, 
but rather tendsJto cause the contrary, e. g., “The cable was 
severely strained. Nevertheless, it held firm. ” The strain is 
plainly conceived as causative. Indeed, there is a vivid sugges¬ 
tion of its causing a rupture. Such is its tendency and such 
would be the result, were it not for the intervention of oppositely 
causative force or resistance. Such a force is found in the mole¬ 
cular attraction of the hempen fibres, and in the friction of fibre 
on fibre, obtained by torsion. It is of these forces that the hold¬ 
ing firm must be regarded as the result. In the present case then 
the related terms are, first, the cause of a result opposite to the 
one mentioned; second, the result of a cause opposite to the one 
mentioned. The relation is broadly one of antagonism. But this, 
like every other, has its proverse and reverse aspects. To form 
suitable names for these, it seems best to start with the names 
of other causal relations. Beginning, as usual, with the last 
phenomenon of the example, it is plain that it at least occupies 
the place ordinarily occupied by a result or effect. Let the 
holding firm of the cable be, then, conceived as an effect. The 
relation of the strain to this effect is obviously not that of a 
cause, but of the opposite of a cause. To name this relation, 
such words as hindrance, prevention, deterrent, etc. are hardly 
broad enough. There is need of a word expressing what tends 
to produce an opposite effect, what tends to hinder actual effect 
and what merely fails to occasion actual effect. It is to express 
these meanings that the word “counter-cause” is employed. 1 
The word “nevertheless,” like “therefore,” contains an 
etymological element, namely “ the, ” of reinstative and relation- 
1 Plainly the relation might also be known as that of counter-effect to 
cause; but this terminology has been found less convenient. 
