40 Owen—Meaning and Function of Thought- Connectives. 
etc. Using “ however” as connective in the former example, lob- 
tain “ The cable was severely strained. However, it held firm. ” 
Strictly interpreting, “ The cable held firm in any case what¬ 
ever. ” 1 “ In any case ” means here “in case of the occurrence 
of any other phenomenon. ” This exceedingly broad reference to 
other phenomena is restricted in usage to prior phenomena. Now 
a prior or a previously mentioned phenomenon may be regarded as 
(1) favorable to the occurrence of the last phenomenon, (2) unfav¬ 
orable to the occurrence of the last phenomenon. Usage has 
elected 2 the unfavorable aspect to the exclusion of the other, de¬ 
ciding that the relation between last phenomenon and first, 
named by “ however, ” shall be that of effect to counter-cause. 
In other words “ however ” means “ in spite of what precedes. ” 
Accordingly, as usual, the thought-connective makes a reinstate¬ 
ment and names relation between last thought and reinstated 
thought. This reverse relation and reinstatement combine as 
adverbial adjunct in last thought. 
(c) Relation of cause to effect , employing the connectives for, 
BECAUSE. 
Both these words have suffered change of value of a new sort. 
Instead of naming as formerly and in other cases an effect-to- 
cause relation, they have been forced to name a cause-to- 
effect relation; that is, their relation-value has been reversed. 3 
The primary usage of “for ” is seen in the following quotation 
from Richard II, 1.4. “ And, for our coffers . . are grown some¬ 
what light, we are enforced to farm our royal realm. ” Simpli¬ 
fying this for convenience, “We are enforced to farm, for our 
coffers are light.” That is, “for,” as preposition, governs the 
1 So, “ Two gentlemen of Verona” I. 1. “However, but a folly,” etc. 
“However ” is here defined by Knight as “in whatsoever way;” better, 
“ in any case ” or “in either case.” 
2 This election has presumably been influenced by the use of “ however” 
to introduce concessions; e. g. “ However much the cable was strained it 
did not break.” 
3 Such reversal may seem at first thought difficult. It is however ac¬ 
complished by every passive verb; e. g. in the active voice the verb “ em¬ 
ploy ” names the relation of employer to employee; thus, “A employs 
B.” In the passive, the same verb names the reversed relation of em¬ 
ployee to employer; thus, “ B is employed by A.” 
