Single Relations Between Thoughts. 
41 
following substantive clause as its direct object. The preposi¬ 
tion “ for ” names a relation of effect to cause. That is, the en¬ 
forcement to farm is “ for, ” or “ from, ” or “ on account of ” the 
lightness of coffers. The relation-naming preposition and its 
object form an adverbial limiter. Thus, the causal sentence is 
an adjunct of the effect sentence. Such is the case, also, in the 
example: “ I like him for he is kind.” That is, I like him on 
account of his being kind. 
But frequently this structure is replaced by another very dif¬ 
ferent. The effect, e. g. my liking him, is first stated alone; 
thus, “ I like him. ” Then follows the cause stated alone, but re¬ 
garded as explanation of the preceding effect-sentence; thus,. 
“For he is kind.” It is now no longer proper to regard the 
last sentence as meaning “on‘account of his kindness.” 1 “ His 
being kind ” is, rather, now the dominant thought. And any 
relation between his kindness and my liking must be conceived 
in such an aspect that it may stand naturally as an adjunct 
to “ his being kind. ” That is, this relation must, according to 
the chosen habit of language, be reached by a mental transit 
which starts with his kindness and ends with my liking. The 
relation thus established is that of cause to effect. In the pres¬ 
ent example, therefore, it is this relation which must be expressed 
by “ for. ” Testing this statement by substitution, the follow¬ 
ing meaning results: “ I like him. Causatively or explanatorily 
thereof he is kind. ” That is, his kindness is in the cause-to- 
effect relation with my liking. 
When “ because ” heads the second sentence, it has the same 
value. 
In connectives of this class it appears then that the relation 
is, as usual, reverse. The connective makes, also, the usual re¬ 
instatement. This and relation, combined as adjunct, are treated 
in the usual way. 
(d) Relation of cowiter-cause to effect, employing the connec¬ 
tives NOTWITHSTANDING, NEVERTHELESS, HOWEVER. 
For example: “I like him. Notwithstanding, he is unkind.” 
1 Obviously, “ For he is kind ” might be taken as a mere supplement, 
total value being the single thought: “ I like him for his kindness.” But 
this meaning is not elected in the present case. 
