42 Owen—Meaning aud Function of Thought-Connectives. 
The same reversal of values has occurred in this case as in the pre¬ 
ceding. Had the above been put as a single sentence, the value 
would have been: “My liking is in spite of his unkindness.” 
That is, my liking would be in the relation of effect to counter¬ 
cause with his unkindness. But in the actual form of the ex¬ 
ample there stands first an independent statement of my liking. 
Then follows a statement of his unkindness. His unkindness 
does not tend to produce my liking. Indeed, it tends either to 
hinder this liking or to produce the opposite. The unkindness 
therefore ranks properly, not as a cause, but as a counter-cause. 
The value of the example then, taken in this sense, is as fol¬ 
lows: “ I like him. Counter-causatively thereof he is unkind. ” 
Or “I like him. Unfavorably thereto, he is unkind.” 1 - That 
is, unkindness is the starting-point in relation-formation; and 
the relation is the opposite of that of cause to effect, i. e. coun¬ 
ter-cause to effect. 
Relation then is of the usual type. It is combined with a rein¬ 
stated first thought as adjunct of a second thought. This adjunct, 
as usual, appears as adverb to the verb of the second thought. 
The word “ nevertheless” exhibits the present relation some¬ 
what more distinctly; e. g. “The wood burns badly. Neverthe¬ 
less it is dry.” Of this example I elect the following meaning: 
“ The wood burns badly. Counter-causatively thereof it is dry. ” 
The relation indicated is that of counter-cause to effect, the re¬ 
verse of the relation expressed by “ nevertheless ” on p. 37. 
The present relation is as usual obtained by a transit from the 
latter to the former thought and is combined with a reinstate¬ 
ment of the former thought. The combination, though adjunct 
to the latter thought, is treated as an adverb of its verb. 
“ However” agrees in meaning and function with “ neverthe¬ 
less. ” 
It is evident that “ nevertheless ” in the last example may be 
taken with an entirely different meaning, the total value in such 
1 In another possible meaning of this example his unkindness is an effect 
not overcome by my liking conceived as cause. This meaning may be ex¬ 
pressed by saying that “ I like him. In spite of my liking him he is un¬ 
kind to me.” This meaning which merely illustrates the relation of effect 
to counter-cause is not elected in the present case. 
