Serial Relations Between Thoughts. 
47 
being urged, reinstates the whole preceding thought. “ Also ” 
can be taken only as reinstating a part of the first statement. 
Accordingly one connective reinstates the preceding thought, 
while the other reinstates a part of the thought before the pre¬ 
ceding. 
Reference to different thoughts is also at least possible with 
full connectives; e. g., “ My brother accepted. My mother greatly 
needed help. But my sister also came.” That is, her coming 
is put by "but ” as in spite of her mother’s need. “But” then, 
reinstates the preceding thought in one relation. On the other 
hand “also” groups her coming with my brother’s acceptance. 
“ Also ” accordingly reinstates the thought before the preceding 
in another relation. At least the sentence may be so inter¬ 
preted, which is all that the example is asked to show. 
One relation obtains between a latter thought and each of two 
or more preceding thoughts. 
That is, the same connective may simultaneously reinstate two 
different thoughts; e. g., “He is old. He is also feeble. 
Nevertheless he is active. ” The last statement may be taken 
as meaning that he is active in spite of both his being old and 
his being feeble. 
One relation obtains between a latter thought and the total of 
two or more former thoughts. 
Thus, “ A is the father of X. X is the father of B. Or A is B’s 
grandfather. ” The last statement means that “ A’s being B’s 
grandfather is equivalent to the two preceding statements com¬ 
bined ”— but not to either alone. 
So again “John is a man. All men are animals. Therefore, 
John is an animal.” The syllogistic cogency lies in the rein¬ 
statement of both premises in the statement of the conclusion. 
III. SERIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THOUGHTS. 
If now the preceding reasoning be correct, the connection 
of thoughts appears in emphasized effectiveness, especially 
in the expression of what is called connected reasoning. To 
illustrate, let A, B, C etc. stand for a series of thoughts, say 
n in number. The process of their expression is as follows. 
