28 Owen—Meaning and Function of Thought- Connectives. 
CLASS I. RELATIONS OF GROUP-MEMBER TO GROUP-MEMBER. 
The group may be 
(a) Concordant , employing the connectives and, and not, nor, 
NEITHER. 
Of these the last three merely combine “ and ” with a negative. 
Attention may, therefore, be exclusively directed to “ and. ” The 
historical value of this word is now given as “ in addition ”; e. g. 
“And he succeeded.” That is, “ additionally he succeeded.” 
It is plainly his success that was additional. Accordingly 
“ and,” though valued properly as a thought-adjunct, appears 
in the form of a verb-adjunct or adverb. But such a sentence is 
as incomplete as the algebraic form “ + B. ” B is here repre¬ 
sented, not as an isolated B, but as a B additional to some 
other quantity. So, too, in the example given, his success is 
not an isolated success, but a success conceived as added to 
something else. Without this something else the thought and 
sentence are both incomplete. There is present, so far, a 
thought expressed by “ he succeeded”; also a relation ex¬ 
pressed by “ and. ” There is wanted another thought between 
which and the thought expressed this relation may hold. Let 
the example, then, be expanded into the following form; “ He 
strove. And he succeeded.” It is now evident that the sec¬ 
ond thought reinstates the first thought as, with the relation, 
an adjunct of itself. Accordingly, in full, “ he succeeded in 
addition to his striving. ” 
Reviewing and stating fully, “ He strove ” expresses a first 
thought. “ He succeeded ” expresses a second thought. The 
relation between them is that of member to member of a hetero¬ 
geneous group. The first thought and this relation combine as 
adverbial adjunct in the second thought, and are expressed by 
“ and. ” Again, the group is conceived as concordant. Other¬ 
wise the word “ but ” would have been chosen. Also, the relation 
is obtained by thinking from his success to his striving, and is 
accordingly reverse. That is, his success is additional to his 
striving. The whole meaning may then be presented by the 
sentences: “ He strove. In concordant addition thereto he 
succeeded. ” 
