14 Owen—Meaning and Function of Thought - Connectives. 
The same principle is very extensively employed with other 
terms and with adjuncts; but I believe grammarians have not 
called the process conjunctive except in some uses of the adverb; 
e. g. “He departed as I arrived.” In this example the word 
“as ” is plainly an indefinite time-namer. That the idea of time 
belongs with “ arrived ” has never been questioned. That this 
idea also belongs with “departed” cannot be questioned; for 
the whole purpose of time-naming is to show when “he de¬ 
parted. ” This time-idea is then first and foremost an element of 
the first thought. As such it is indefinite. This indefiniteness 
is removed by its association with “my arrival.” The very aim 
and purpose then of the time-idea fails, unless it be taken as 
a factor of both thoughts. 
From the above and other examples it would be easy to show 
that when two thoughts have a part only of each in common, 
they are not expressed by what are usually ranked as separate 
sentences. This case does not then lie within the limited 
field of this investigation. 
B. The first thought contains the whole of the second. 
The simplest cases show the second thought as last term of the 
first thought, e. g. “I believe his being honest.” “I believe him 
to be honest. ” I believe that he is honest. ” These three forms, 
so far as function of the second thought in the first is concerned, 
are identical. The notion of conjunction does not, however, oc¬ 
cur to the grammarian till he reaches the form: “I believe that he 
is honest. ” And even with this form the notion seems to be losing 
ground. It is now quite generally believed that the word ” that ” 
is a substantive of indefinite meaning, that this meaning is 
symbolized a second time and definitely in what follows. 
From the above and other examples it would be easy to show 
that when the first of two thoughts contains the whole of the 
second, the two are ordinarily not expressed by separate sen¬ 
tences. Such expression does, however, sometimes occur; e. g. 
“What I believe is this. A is honest.” Clearly enough the 
sociation and function of the common factor in the second thought. But 
the two symbols stand for a single idea and this idea makes but one ap¬ 
pearance, a continued appearance, in the mind. 
