92 
JJrdahl—Historical Survey of Fee Systems. 
H. SCHOOL FEES. 
The University of Paris derived for a time considerable rev¬ 
enue from the postal system operated by it; still its income 
was never so large, but that it was found necessary to collect 
numerous fees of many kinds from its students. In the first place, 
there is a quarterly matriculation fee of thirty francs collected 
from students in all departments. Other fees vary according 
to the nature of the studies pursued, or degree for which the 
student is working. Furthermore, there are numerous examina¬ 
tion fees, varying in amount, besides heavy fees for certificates 
of aptitudes. For the degree of LL. D., these fees aggregate 
thirteen hundred francs. According to the law of 1844 the fees 
for this degree were fixed at sixteen hundred and sixty francs;, 
while the fees required for obtaining a simple license, amounted 
to eleven hundred francs. With this schedule of charges the 
University obtained two hundred and sixty thousand francs in 
1862. There are many other examination and school fees levied 
throughout France. As an example may be mentioned the fee 
for a teacher’s examination, which is ten francs for a lower 
grade, and twenty francs for a higher. 1 
I. PEAGES. 
These are pecuniary charges collected for the use of the means 
of transportation and locomotion, such as canals, roads, rivers, 
and bridges. They are said to date back to Charlemagne, who 
attempted to prevent the imposition of new peages. They mul¬ 
tiplied very fast under feudalism, and soon lost their early 
characteristic of being payments designed to cover the expense 
of repair and maintenance of the roads and water courses. The 
lords who collected these tolls were for a time supposed to be 
personally responsible for the safety and condition of the high¬ 
ways. 2 The nobles and clergy were exempt from paying these 
fees, and, as early as 1353, the same exemption was extended to 
J Parieu, III, 415-417. Say, Dictionnaire, p. 222; and History of 
French Universities. 
2 An ordinance of 1561 imposed upon the collector the obligation of keep¬ 
ing his road in repair. Cheruel, II, 962. 
