172 Urdahl—The Present Fee System in the United States. 
collects $100 for each detective’s license, and charges $500 for 
a permit to sell oleomargarine. Nevada requires grazing li¬ 
censes, varying the fee according to the number of sheep. 1 
Numerous other occupations are here and there required to be 
licensed, before they can be carried on. The license taxes of 
the Southern states, whose object is solely to raise revenue, can 
not be counted as license charges, but may usually be classed 
as occupation taxes. 
The development of local self-government has brought about 
the transfer of many of these powers from the states to the local 
political units. As a result, there is already a large class of 
regulations which are everywhere placed under municipal pow¬ 
ers. One legislature grants more power and another grants 
less to the local bodies; but every where some license powers are 
turned over to the latter. The fees for these are thus quite 
regularly collected by municipal authorities for the use of the 
city treasuries. Licenses to brokers, wharfingers, local auc¬ 
tioneers, commercial travelers, hucksters, pawnbrokers, places 
of amusement, hotels, taverns, junk dealers, boarding houses, 
boarding stables, billiard tables, hacks, slaughter-houses, wash¬ 
houses, bill-posters, dance-houses, scavengers, intelligence of¬ 
fices, dealers in explosives, bowling-alleys, shooting-galleries, 
dogs, steamboats, and many others, have in some states become 
municipal regulations. The number is gradually increasing; in 
fact, some cities exercise more power in this way than many a 
state did a few years ago. 
The rapidity of growth of urban population and its great con¬ 
centration is one of the causes for the rapid increase in the 
number of matters which require license regulation. Building 
permits and sewer and water permits are of this character. 
Furthermore, the peculiar conditions of each city present new 
subjects which must be taken under police supervision and ulti¬ 
mately become subject to license regulations. Milk sellers are 
in some localities required to be licensed, coal dealers in others. 
The rapid growth of one section may require special sanitary 
regulations; one quarter of a city may be of such a character 
1 For 5, 000 sheep, $ 250 ; for 3,000 sheep, $ 200 ; for 1,500 sheep $75. — 1895, 
Ch. 36 , p . 53. 
