248 
Urdahl—The Fee System in the United States. 
CHAPTER VIII— continued. page. 
B. Custom House Fees. — All custom house officers paid by means 
of fees at first.— Tonnage duties.— Standards of measure¬ 
ment.— Changes in same.— Attempts to change from fees 
to salaries.— Changes made by the McKinley bill.. |142 
C. Licenses to Vessels.- —Changes in amounts collected and 
standards of measurement.—System becomes more elabor¬ 
ate.— Inspectors, etc., paid salaries.. 144 
D. Miscellaneous Maritime Fees.— Wreckers’ and pilot license 
fees.— Shipping commissioners’ fees.... 145 
E. United States Court Fees .—Fees allowed deputy mar¬ 
shals. — Salaries reduced in 1853. — Maximum salaries fixed 
in 1878. — Recent changes. — All fees to be accounted for... 145 
F. Land Office Fees. — Change from fee to salary system first 
applied here. — Maximum limit fixed by law. — History of 
changes in the fees. — Relation of land office fees to cost of 
land ....... 146 
G. Other Miscellaneous Fees of the Federal Government. — 
Consular fees. — Postmasters’ fees. — Fees in District of 
Columbia, their development. — Excise license charges, not 
fees....... 147 
CHAPTER IX.— The Evolution of the Fee System as Shown by 
the State and Federal Statutes. 
Tendency to Change from Fee System to Salary System. — 
Impossibility of adjusting any fee system to changing eco¬ 
nomic conditions.—Political and economic forces arrayed 
against change. — Line of least resistance. — Forces at 
work everywhere which w T ill result in bringing all officers 
to accept salaries in lieu of fees. — Another line of investi¬ 
gation showing the same conclusion..... 148 
CHAPTER X. — The Evolution of the Fee System as Reflected 
by the American Constitution. 
Constitutions as Indices of Public Opinion. — Constitutional 
provisions concerning illegal fees. — Chancellors and judges 
forbidden to receive fees. — Other courts under same inhi¬ 
bition. — Governors. — State officers. — County officers re¬ 
quired to account for fees of office. —Other provisions__ 150 
