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J ones — Chartism. 
The Hdntists were for fair words only so long as they would 
prevail and they became “ Physical Force ” chartists. The first 
element was the brains, the second the body of the movement. 
Let us first follow the Moral Force chartists. The Universal 
Suffragists formulated their demands at once upon the passage 
of the Reform Bill and they pursued a steady consistent policy 
in advocating their ideas. There were many semi-political so¬ 
cieties existing among the unenfranchised. One of the most 
prominent of these was the National Union of the Working 
Classes at London. In this Union was Henry Hetherington 
who was in a sense its leader. He has been credited with being 
the pioneer of the outspoken part of Chartism. He, with Wil¬ 
liam Lovett, James Watson, and others, was for an educational 
campaign only and decried the use of violence. A set of prin¬ 
ciples was drawn up by Hetherington and his followers in the 
National Union. It was used by the framers of the “People’s 
Charter ” and contained the following points: 
The right to all honestly acquired property is sacred. 
The recognition of the equality of men and of certain natural 
rights is the only just foundation upon which government can 
rest. 
All hereditary destinctious are unjust. 
The suffrage should include every law-abiding adult male of 
sound mind. 
In order to secure proper representatives voting should be by 
ballot. 
Parliaments should be elected for but one year. 
These principles were declared to be essential to the protec¬ 
tion of the workingmen and no reforms were to be considered 
satisfactory which did not embody them. 
In 1837 the same Union drew up a petition to be presented 
to Parliament. It was prepared by Mr. Hetherington and was 
signed by 3,000 persons. Later in the year a conference was 
held with some of the liberal members of the House of Commons. 
At this conference twelve persons were selected to draw up a 
bill which was to be introduced in Parliament. On the com¬ 
mittee were six members of Parliament, among whom were 
Daniel O’Connell and John A. Roebuck. As deputies of the 
