52 
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. 
1883. Spirifem {iSpiriferina), Hall. Second Ann. Kept. State Geologist of N. Y., pi. lx, figs. 19-22, 
26-29 ; pi. Ixi, figs. 14-16. 
1884. ISpiriferina, White. Thirteenth Kept, State Geologist Indiana, p. 135, pi. xxxv, figs. 13, 14. 
1884. Spiriferina, Walcott. Monograph U. S. Geological Survey, vol. viii, pp. 218, 219, pi. xviii, 
figs. 12, 13. 
1888. Spiriferina, Herrick. Bull. Denison University, vol. iii, p. 47, pi. ii, figs. 9-11 ; pi. v, tig. 13; 
pi. X, fig. 3. 
1891. Spiriferina, Herrick. Bull. Geol. Soc, America, vol. ii, p. 46, pi. i, fig. 19. 
Shells resembling Spirifer in external aspect; interiorly 
the pedicle-valve bears a median septum resting upon the 
bottom of the valve, its posterior portion lying between, 
but not united with the strong dental lamellae. The pro¬ 
cesses on the primary lamellae are continuous, forming a 
simple transverse or subacute loop. 
Shell substance strongly punctate throughout. 
Type, Terebratulites rostratus, Schlotheim. Lias. 
This name is currently allowed to cover a large number of species presenting 
the most extreme variations in exterior characters and some important inter¬ 
nal differences. The type of the genus is a form upon whose surface the 
plications are obsolescent and whose epidermis is covered with closely matted 
spinules; the median septum is discrete from the dental lamellae, and the loop 
is a transverse band with a slight upward curve. Recent writers on the 
Triassic brachiopods, however, still strain the genus to include species in which 
the septum unites with and supports the convergent dental lamellae, forming 
the structure characterizing the interior of Cyrtina."^ 
Among the palaeozoic species referred to Spiriferina, the prevailing expres¬ 
sion is a strongly plicated exterior with well marked fold and sinus. The 
shells are usually of small size, and though occasionally with a spiniferous 
exterior, as in S. spinosa, the usual ornamentation consists of concentric lam¬ 
ellae of growth, the surface of which is radially striated and probably minutely 
fimbriate. The development of the median septum in these species is never 
so extreme as in S. rostrata and the Liassic forms. 
/V 
The loop of Spiriferina Ken- 
tuclciensis, Shum.ird. (c.) 
* See page 45 of this volume. 
