12 
PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK. 
Cosies, subdivided into the cosies (— Spirifer ?, Pentamerus ?) and cosiaio-siries, 
the latter including a radiate Q,ndi Enieleies Lamarcki; IV. PlissSs, sub¬ 
divided into the aperiuraii, with sinus plicate, and osiiolaii, with sinus smooth; 
terms which had already been proposed by von Boch, and were derived from 
Schlotheim’s species, 8 . aperiuratus and S. osiiolaius. 
Quenstedt, in 1871, adopted these last-named divisions and added the 
division Roslraii, for species in which the hinge-line is short; this chaotic 
assemblage was made to include the smooth species of the Palaeozoic (Martinia 
and Reticularia) as well as the Spiriferinas of the Carboniferous and 
Mesozoic. 
In the American Palaeozoic there are probably not less than two hundred 
species of the genus Spirifer. Representatives of the greater number of these 
have passed under our examination, and they, with the aid of not a few species 
unknown in American faunas, have furnished the evidence upon which the 
following proposed arrangement is based; 
I. Radiati. Typical example, Spirifer radiatus, Sowerby (including 8 . plicai- 
ellus, Sowerby). 
(1)* 1840. Belthyris, Conrad. Geol. Surv. N. Y., Pal. Dept.; Fourth Ann. Rejit., p. 207, 
(1) 1842. Belthyris, Conrad. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. viii, j). 261, pi. xiv, fig. 17. 
(2) 1842. Belthyris, Conrad, .lournal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. viii, p. 261. 
(1) 1842. Belthyris, Vandxem. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Third Dist, p. 120, fig. 1. 
(1) 1843. Spirifer, Castelnad. Essai sur le Systeme Silur. de I’Ainer. Septen., p. 41, pi. xiii, fig. 5 ; 
p. 42, pi. xiii, fig. 4. 
(1) 1843. Belthyris, Mather. Geology of N. Y.; Kept. First Dist., p. 343, fig. 1. 
(1) 1843. Belthyris, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 105, fig. 2 a, b. 
(2) 1843. Belthyris, Hall. Geology of N. Y. ; Kept. Fourth Dist., p. 105, fig. 1 ; p. 269, fig. 1. 
(3) 1847. Spirifer, Barrande. Ueher die Brachiopoden der Silur. Schicht. Bohmens. 
(1) 1852. Spirifer, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 66, pi. xxii, 2 £Z-s (not tigs. 2 a-c, 2/); 
p. 265, pi. liv, tigs. 6 a-/. 
(2) 1852. Spirifer, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 264, pi. liv, tigs. 5 a-/. 
(1) 1856. Spirifer, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 135, iti. ii, tigs. 2, 3. 
(2) 1856. Spirifer, Billings. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. i, p. 137, pi. ii, fig. 8. 
(1) 1859. Spirifer, Hall. Paleontology of N. Y., vol. iii, p. 202, pi. xxvii, figs. 1 a-/; pi. xxviii, 
figs. 8 a-d. 
(2) 1860. Spirifet'a, Emmons. Manual of Geology, p. 151. 
(1) 1861. Spirifera, Hall. Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey of Wisconsin, p. 25. 
(3) 1861. Sjnrifera, Hall. Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey of Wisconsin, p. 26. 
(3) 1861. Spirifera, McChesnev. Paleozoic Fossils, p. 84. 
(1) 1862. Spirifera, Hall. Geol. Kept. Wisconsin, vol. i, p. 69, fig. 5; p. 436. 
(3) 1862. Spirifera, Hall. Geol. Kept. Wisconsin, vol. i, p. 69, fig. 6; p. 436. 
*_The.parenthetical numbers before the citations I’efer to the subdivisions of the group. 
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