62 Indian Forest Records. [Voi,. VIII 
which is a sunken depression or pathri containing water. The 
Karigar’s implements are :— 
(1) A baster or charna, a flat piece of iron 8" x i^" x with 
a wooden handle. 
(2) A spatula or pirbanda similar to the baster but with no 
handle. 
(3) A gouge or kirkhodni to rip up the bag and thus remove 
the refuse or kiri. 
(4) A small bladed shovel or karchhula for attending to the 
fire. 
The Bhilwaya uses the following implements :— 
(1) A glazed porcelain cylinder 10* in diameter and 2' 6" long, 
full of warm water. It is known as the pipa, and lies 
at a gentle slope from the ground. 
(2) A strip of palm leaf or nera. 
(3) A piece of cloth. 
The Phirwaya has a charki or chorki , a simple windlass, such as 
is used in rope making, and a row of wooden guide blocks with pegs 
called dhanna. The bag lies along the wooden blocks and one end 
is attached to the charki . 
The Karigar sits at one end of the bhatta , just protected from 
the direct heat of the fire. The portion of the bag in front of the 
fire is called the pera and this is gradually twisted by the Phirwaya 
by means of the charki , so that it is thoroughly and evenly heated 
through on all sides. The Karigar then seizes his end of the bag 
tight in his hand. This action results in the pera being tightly 
twisted and in the lac being expressed through the cloth. The 
Karigar scrapes it off with the charna and throws it on to the dongi , 
kept damp with water from the pathri. Thence he repeatedly bastes 
it on the pera until it is thoroughly mixed and, by evaporation of 
the water, attains the correct consistency. He then takes it up on the 
spatula and pours the glutinous mass over the porcelain cylinder. 
The Bhilwaya spreads it out on the cylinder with his palm frond, 
polishes it with the cloth and then removes the sheet carefully from the 
cylinder. Seizing it with hands, feet and mouth, he stretches it from 
its original size of about 2' by to about 4' or 5' by 3' or 4', 
warming it in front of the fire every now and then to soften and 
anneal it. The process of manufacture is now finished. Each of 
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