$8 Indian Forest Records . [Vol. Ylii. 
with woven silk. The pre-pupal portion of the gallery contains 
fragments of wood bitten out of the pupal chamber shortly before 
closure. 
PUPAL HABITS. 
Emergence of the Pupa. 
When mature the pupa leaves the pupal chamber and makes its way 
down the beehole. The silk wad plugging the neck of the pupal chamber 
is penetrated by the frontal spine as the pupa presses downwards ; as 
the pupa continues to revolve and push, the silk mesh is separated and 
the strands flattened against the walls of the beehole. The pupa then 
continues its progress down the gallery by means of the leverage 
obtained from the rows of baekwardly directed teeth on the abdominal 
segments. The alternate bending of the segments across the longitudinal 
axis of the body causes the alternate slipping and gripping of the teeth 
on opposite sides ; the pupa is thus forced forwards but is unable to 
return backwards. On reaching the mouth of the beehole the frontal 
spine ruptures the operculum closing it, and the insect enters the sap- 
wood chamber. Here it may encounter a certain amount of obstruction, 
such as mud brought in by termites or fossorial wasps, cells of leaf¬ 
cutting and solitary bees, ant colonies, or even callus growth, if the 
chamber was insufficiently cleared by the larva, or if emergence is 
delayed until the new growth of the tree has commenced. Having 
passed these obstrutcions the pupa pushes through the thin bark 
covering the exit hole, and rests for a longer or shorter period with its 
head at the level of the outer bark. On one occasion the pupa 
was observed to leave the pupal cell nearly 2 hours before the moth 
emerged. 
E MERGENCE OF THE MOTH. 
The actual escape of the moth occupies a few minutes only. The 
pupa works its way out of the bark, swinging its body in a spiral motion ; 
at the same time the abdomen lengthens by extension of the interseg- 
mental skin until the head of the pupa is able to come into contact with 
the bark of the tree. The whole of the thorax and 3 or 4 abdominal 
segments now protrude from the hole, further exodus being apparently 
controlled by the asperities on the cremaster. A split occurs dorsally 
along the middle line of the thorax, the chitinous cover of the head and 
antennae separates oh in one anchor-shaped piece, and in a few seconds 
the moth walks directly out of the pupal case on to the bark of the tree. 
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