Part I.] Puran Singh: Turpentine Oil and Indian Rosin. 5 
of the work done during the last five years are published for inform¬ 
ation. 
The writer takes this opportunity of offering his thanks to 
Messrs. H. P. Clutterbuck, B. B. Osmaston, and E. A. Smytliies 
for their generous help given from time to time and for allowing 
him to use their stills for his large-scale experiments. He is 
also indebted to Hr. J. W. Leather for the assistance given him. 
He is obliged to Rai Sahib Bishen Hass, Personal Assistant to the 
Manager, and Mr. Keatinge, the Chief Store-keeper, North-West¬ 
ern Railway, for the help given in determining the nature of the 
turpentine requirements of Railway Workshops. 
CHAPTER I. 
(i) General Properties of Turpentine Oil.* 
Turpentine oil is the name applied to the product obtained by 
distillation with water vapour of an oleo-resin derived from the 
species of Pinus, Picea and Abies of the family Pinacece. This 
oleo-resin, (also called crude turpentine), is a solution of resin in 
volatile oil, and when the latter is removed by distillation, the 
former, namely, the resin, is left as a residue which purified and 
strained is known as rosin or colophony. 
The principal turpentine oils used in Europe are the follow¬ 
ing:— 
1. American oil of turpentine, from Pinus australis. 
P. Tceda and others growing in the United States of 
America. 
2. French turpentine oil, obtained from Pinus maritima 
and Pinus Pinaster. 
3. Austrian turpentine oil from Pinus Laricio. 
4. Venetian turpentine oil from the Venice turpentine, the 
produce of Larix europea. 
5. Russian turpentine oil from Pinus sylvestris. 
Of all these the most widely employed oils throughout the world 
are the first two, namely, the American and the French. 
* Taken mostly from Gildmeister and Hoffman’s “ Volatile Oils.” 
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