Sever in and Severin—Anatomical Studies of Cimbex. 45 
A transverse section through the anterior part of the giz¬ 
zard shows that the strongly chitinized walls are thrown into 
four large folds or valves (Fig. 5). From the thick chitinous 
intima, numerous long yellowish bristles project into the 
lumen (Fig. 5, b) ; these undoubtedly, as in the honey-bee, 
serve as a sort of filter. Next outside of the chitinous intima 
is an epithelium, which is made up of cubical cells containing 
a large spherical nucleus. Within the four irregular folds or 
valves is the next layer, the internal longitudinal muscles. 
S'ome of the branches from the external longitudinal muscles 
pass into these folds and attach to the chitinous intima; others 
attach to the chitin between the folds (Fig. 5, blm). Surround - 
ing the four valves are the greatly developed circular muscle 
layers, which serve to contract the four powerful folds. Out¬ 
side of the circular muscles are the external longitudinal mus¬ 
cles, which are covered externally by a thin peritoneal mem¬ 
brane. 
A study of a series of transverse sections through the gizzard 
shows that these four valves do not extend throughout its en¬ 
tire length; secondary folds make their appearance, which, pos¬ 
teriorly, become gradually larger and larger, until they are 
equal in size to the primary ones. The bristles, which project 
from the chitinous intima into the lumen of the anterior part 
of the gizzard, have disappeared near the beginning of the “pe- 
dunculus.” Figure 6, a transverse section through the posterior 
end of the “pedunculus,” shows that at this region the folds 
have become nearly equal in size but are not regular in shape. 
Within the folds, as well as between them, branches from the 
external longitudinal muscles are found to attach to the chi¬ 
tinous intima. 
The appendix ["Zapfen’' of Schiemenz (23) or “appendict 
vermiforme” of Bordas (5) ], a continuation of the “peduncu- 
lus,” is a cylindrical tube with irregular longitudinal folds, 
and is telescoped far into the lumen of the mid-intestine. A 
longitudinal section through it shows that the chitinous intima, 
which is a direct continuation of the somewhat thicker chitin 
of the “pedunculus,” continues back as a very irregular layer 
with numerous large, sharply-pointed projections to the pos- 
