Severin and Severin—Anatomical Studies of Cimbex. 43 
dreiseitigen in den Oesophagealraum vorragenden Biindel 
bilden so eine Art innerer Fatten. Zwischen diesen letzteren 
nebmen andere Langsmuskelbiindel die Baume verminderten 
Umfanges in bezug auf die vorigen Gruppen ein. Die Zahi 
der Longitudinalschichten ist sehr verschieden. Das, was 
diese Muskulatur charakterisiert, ist ihre Anordnung, die 
Unregelmassigkeit ihrer Dicke nnd vor allem ihre Fatten.” 
In the first-mentioned paper (3), Bordas claims that external 
longitudinal and inner circular muscles are present, the latter 
being especially abundant at the base of the sinuous folds; in 
the second paper (5), however, he does not mention these ex¬ 
ternal longitudinal muscles, but claims that internal longi¬ 
tudinal muscles are present. He figures, in his later work 
(5), a cross section of the oesophagus and shows the circular 
muscles far removed from the folds, but at those regions where 
the inner longitudinal muscles are arranged in groups they are 
present even at the base of the folds. 
Crop: —The histological structure of the walls of the crop 
tends to prove that it is simply a dilation of the posterior end 
of the oesophagus. The internal folds of the walls are some¬ 
what larger and more numerous in the crop than in the oesoph¬ 
agus (Fig. 7, fc ). We find no distinction in the epithelium 
between the oesophagus and crop; the cells of both parts being 
represented chiefly by ovoid nuclei, between which no cell 
boundaries are discernible. Toward the posterior region of 
the crop, some of the internal longitudinal muscles penetrate 
the circular layers and continue as external longitudinal mus¬ 
cles, which attach to the chitinous intima at various parts of 
the gizzard (Fig. 7, Imc). 
Gizzard: —A longitudinal section through the proventriculus 
shows that it may be divided into three parts:—(1) an an¬ 
terior portion invaginated into the crop [“Verschlusslcopf” of 
Schiemenz (23)]; (2) a central part, easily seen in a dissec¬ 
tion (Fig. 2, g ) [“Hals” of Schiemenz (23) and “pedunculus’' 
of Bordas (5)] ; and (3) a posterior portion telescoped far in¬ 
to the mid-intestine [“Zapfen” of Schiemenz (23) and “appen - 
dice vermiforme” of Bordas (5)]. 
