Owen—Hybrid Parts of Speech. 
149 
ted as a further increment of the now developed total: “The 
doctor saw Catherine eating apples.” 
In short, in the crowding of individual lateral factors, to 
hnd their places in the growing total, original grouping has 
been lost. “Catherine eating apples” no longer indicates a 
single group composed of two terms and their relation, hut 
rather two groups of which the one consists of “Catherine,” 
“eating” and their relation, while the other consists of “eating,” 
“apples” and their relation. Accordingly the idea named by 
“eating” now is doubly a factor of thought—once in what is 
expressed by “Catherine eating,” and again in what is expressed 
by “eating apples.” 
It appears accordingly that the total thought expressed by 
“The doctor saw Catherine eating apples” includes no less than 
three constituent thoughts, which might have been developed 
into the judgments expressed by 
{a) The doctor saw Catherine. 
(b) Catherine was eating. 
(c) The eating affected apples. 
In “The doctor saw Catherine eating apples,” the relation 
expressed in ( b ) by “was” has been stripped of no longer, ad¬ 
missible assertion, and understood (pp. 120-2; 163, note 38) 
with “eating,” which is used adjunctively with “Catherine.” 
As this relation (strictly that of actor to his own act) is lin¬ 
guistically ranked as a mere variety of substance-to-attribute re¬ 
lation (see note, p. 155), “eating,” in its adjunctive association 
with “Catherine,” virtually ranks as what is called an adjective. 
Again, in “The doctor saw Catherine eating apples,” the re¬ 
lation expressed in (c) by “affected” has been stripped of no 
longer admissible assertion, and incorporated in the meaning 
of “eating,” which, thus including the relational' idea expressed 
by “affected” (or “was in the relation of action to actee”), 
governs as its object “apples,” operating accordingly as what is 
called a verb. 28 
28 As prepositions also govern objects, my conclusion is not of neces¬ 
sity correct, and can be made so only by such an examination of the 
prepositional function, as may show that prepositions do not doubly 
operate in such a case. Meantime I content myself with remarking, 
