154 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 
by an action , the relation of singer to what is sung being 
obviously established by the act of singing. 
blow obviously what is conceived in one aspect as relation 
formed by action —or action-formed relation—may also quite 
as easily and quite as properly to be conceived in another aspect 
as action forming relation —or relation-forming action—the one 
being merely the other inverted. More particularly, it is pos¬ 
sible that the formation of relation by action appears in one 
aspect in central thought, and in the other aspect in lateral 
thought. 
The double aspect of a complex idea does not, however, re¬ 
quire its double formation in the mind. To illustrate quite ob¬ 
jectively, your image on my retina is actually inverted; yet I 
sense you upright. On the other hand, as seen through a com¬ 
mon type of spy-glass, your image is actually upright on my 
retina. Unfamiliar with such a glass, I sense you as standing 
on your head. With practice, however, I learn to sense you, 
as thus seen also, in the upright position. Obviously it is pos¬ 
sible for me, having gained the new power, and still retaining 
the old, to sense you in either position, without repeating your 
image. Suppose once more that, while I look at you with 
one eye through the spy-glass, into the other (naked) eye be 
thrown the image produced by actual trees; I shall now pre¬ 
sumably sense you with your head pointing toward the tree- 
tops. But if into that other eye there come instead the image 
formed by an inverted lantern-slide presenting trees, I shall 
probably turn you end for end, to match you with the trees. 
With equal ease it seems to me I can in central thought be con¬ 
scious of an action-formed relation, which, without a repeti¬ 
tion, is in lateral thought a relation-forming action. 
In particular I see no difficulty in making the (action- 
formed) relation between the “Catherine” and the “song” of (a) 
appear as a (relation-forming) act described as being plaintive 
in (b). In other words the verb of ( a ) has become the sub¬ 
ject—that is, a noun—in (b). 
In the illustration “Catherine sang a song plaintively” I 
have thus far merely found that “sang,” while operating as a 
verb, is also that with which an adjunct is associated—an ad- 
