Owen—Hybrid Parts of Speech. 
159 
son as their object; and let the person Kobinson be expressed 
throughout by “him,” for the sake of its. case-showing power. 
Accordingly, 
(1) “I urged him to employ Italians.” 
In this expression I concede, or rather contend, that what is 
the object of “urged” is not at all “to employ” (attended by a 
subject and an object) ; and Grammar I believe does not regard 
as that object the phrase “him to employ Italians.” That ob¬ 
ject is obviously “him” only, total meaning being otherwise ex¬ 
pressible by “I urged him toward employing Italians”—or “to 
(in the sense of toward) employ Italians.” 
“To employ” is commonly ranked as a “complementary infin¬ 
itive”—a phrase which to me is valueless, all words of a well- 
ordered sentence being, in thought-expression, complementary, 
except the first, which initiates that expression. Enough for 
the present that the prepositional phrase “to employ Italians,” 
quite analogously with “toward employing Italians,” operates 
adverbially to indicate the figurative goal of the urging. 
There is then no relation between the “him” expressed and 
the employment of Italians, except the relation based on com¬ 
mon implication in the urging—a relation of part to part of 
a rather extended whole—a relation which also holds between 
“him” and “I” or “urged”—a relation which is certainly far 
from mentally prominent. Accordingly the “him” expressed 
is not the subject of “to employ Italians.” 
'No doubt, however, a subject is understood with “to employ 
Italians;” and no doubt also the subject understood is “him”— 
not however the “him” which is object of “urged,” but another 
“him” of identical meaning, two mental counterparts of one 
and the same - individual appearing together upon the scene. 35 
35 As I shall not, in this forecast, specially consider the verbal noun 
in cases of this sort, I note at this point that, in “I urged him toward 
him employ Italians”, the “toward” is namer of a relation between a 
first term “urged” and a last term “employ”. Now a relation, whether 
expressed by what is ranked as a preposition or by what is ranked as 
verbal, poses its following term (the preceding term, demonstrably a 
nominal verb, I neglect) before the mind as momentarily substantive; 
or, in grammatical parlance, “employ” as object of “toward” or “to” is 
centrally a noun. As mid-term of “him” (understood) and “Italians”, 
“employ” also laterally ranks as a verb—accordingly in toto as a verbal 
noun. 
