240 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters. 
assertive forms. I leave however to a closer observer the estab¬ 
lishment of shades of meaning, rather contending for a method 
of language study, than seeking to exhaust the field of its ap¬ 
plication. 
One application however I suggest, lest I seem to have neglected it 
in generalizing on thought-structure—namely, the so-called “adverbial 
sentence,” which may be exemplified as well perhaps by a conditional 
clause as otherwise. To illustrate, “If he invites me, I shall meet 
Mm.” 
In the choice of modal forms the languages vary greatly, some em¬ 
ploying the subjunctive (by which I mean a fully inflected form, with¬ 
out assertive power) under that name or another—some electing what, 
on account of its form alone, is known as indicative—some preferring 
what is sometimes known as a conditional mode, though oddly enough 
the Frenchman is sorely offended, if foreigners use in condition what 
he has seen fit to call a conditional form of the verb. {Conclusional 
or conditioned might have saved misunderstanding.) It seems how¬ 
ever axiomatic that all the languages agree in ranking the verb of 
the conditional clause as unassertive. Pending further examination, I 
call it substantially subjunctive. 
Also, renouncing all effort to utilize or even understand the claim 
that “iff is a conjunction, I paraphrase the word by “in case of”, 
which sufficiently exhibits the prepositional valuess of the word, and 
indicates the substantive nature of the clause which follows. 
Otherwise regarded, my illustration exhibits the mental counter¬ 
parts of two phenomena, and a variety of causal relation (that of 
occurrence to what at least permits it, but taken in the reverse order,) 
between them. Of these, the former, substantively posed, is, with the 
relation, used as adjunct of the latter, being as usual immediately 
associated with its verbal element, as indicated by the diagram (re¬ 
versed for convenience): 
I - shall meet -him 
I 
relation 
of 
conclusion l expressed by “iff 9 
to I 
condition J 
he - invite - me, 
“invite” being verb in fellowship with “he” and “me”, and noun in 
fellowship with “shall meet” and the relation between itself and it. 
“Meet”, as indicated on page 114, in this latter fellowship is also in¬ 
cidentally substantive, ranking in that aspect as a “nominal verb.” 
86 Compare the approximately opposite “though”, which is matched 
in German by “trotz”, commonly ranked as preposition, and followed 
by substantive clauses—e. g. “trotz seines Bier trinken (s).” 
