Vorhies—Studies on the Trichoptera of Wisconsin. 653 
plate is apt to be somewhat variable for each species, yet it has 
some value in identification, and, for the sake of brevity, I 
have adopted Ulmer’s plan of expressing this by a formula. 
It must be remembered, however, that the numbers represent 
only approximately what is actually to be found on individuals 
of a species. The following formula, III, 3-4. 3-4. 4-5 + 
9-11. 6. 8, VII., indicates that plates with posteriorly directed 
hooks occur on the anterior border of each of the segments three 
to seven inclusive, each plate of the 3rd segment bearing 3-4 
spines, of the 4th segment 3-4, of the 5th, 4-5, of the 6th, 6, 
and of the 7th, 8: also that each of the two plates on the pos- 
„ terior border of the 5th segment bears 9-11 anteriorly directed 
spines. The spur formula is the same as that of the adult, so 
it need not be given in the descriptions of pupae. Each text 
figure represents by diagram the left side of the first 8 ab¬ 
dominal segments, the upper half being dorsal. 
In all cases, whatever the stage under consideration, when 
reference is made to a segment of a certain number, the ab¬ 
dominal segment of that number is referred to unless otherwise 
explicitly stated. 
None of the species herein described have been previously 
reported from Wisconsin. Indeed, in Ulmer’s work on Tri¬ 
choptera in the Genera Insectorum (1907), not a single species 
is listed from this state, and I have no knowledge of any hav¬ 
ing been reported from here which he has failed to note. In 
the work cited are listed 3 species from Minnesota, none from 
Iowa, 9 from Illinois, and 4 from Michigan. From widely 
separated localities in Canada 63 species are noted, and prob¬ 
ably a majority of these may be found in Wisconsin. 
I wish here to express my thanks to Prof. Wm. S. Marshall 
for his aid and encouragement, the major portion of the work 
having been done under his direction. It was thru his sug¬ 
gestions that I first became interested in work on this group. 
I wish to thank Prof. S. J. Holmes also, for many valuable 
suggestions. I am also greatly indebted to Mr. Nathan Banks 
and to Dr. C. Betten for aid in determining doubtful species 
and for exchange material, and to Mr. Georg Ulmer for simi¬ 
lar aid. 
