Marshall—Development of the Frenulum of the Wax Moth. 203 
very close division into one group containing three bristles on 
each hind wing, which we can call the normal number, and an¬ 
other group in which the number varies from this. 
Right wing with 3 bristles, left wing with 3_._ 456 
Right wing with 2 bristles, left wing with 2._ 121 
Right wing with 2 bristles, left wing with 3- 183 
Right wing with 3 bristles, left wing with 2_ 136 
898 
From the table it will be seen that 456 female moths had the 
normal number and that 442 were abnormal. 
Besides these recorded specimens there was one moth which 
had but a single bristle on each wing. 
The pupae of the wax moth when removed from their cocoon 
are found to be covered with a cuticula which is quite hard and 
thick over certain parts of the body. It was almost impossible 
to remove this covering from living specimens and leave the body 
intact; it was found that the pupae must be hardened before the 
wings from the young ones could be removed in a perfect con¬ 
dition. After trying several of the commoner preserving fluids, 
Bouin’s was found to be the most satisfactory and was used in 
the following way: with a hypodermic syringe the fluid was in¬ 
jected into the body, care being taken not to make the pressure 
such that it would burst the pupae. The specimens were then 
placed in a dish of Bouin’s fluid, where they were allowed to re¬ 
main for twenty-four hours or longer and then transferred to 
seventy per cent alcohol. At the time of transfer many of the 
specimens were injected with alcohol. In a few days the cuti¬ 
cula could be removed from over the wings, these cut out, and 
then mounted entire or prepared for sectioning. 
The University of Wisconsin 
Bibliography 
1. Boisduval, J. A. Species generale des Ldpidopteres. Paris, 1836. 
2. Burmeister, H. Handbuch der Entomologie. Berlin, 1832-1844. 
3. Chenu, J. G. Encyclopedic d’histoire naturelle. Papillons noc¬ 
turnes (avec E. Desmarest). Paris, 1858. 
4. Comstock, J. R. Manual for the study of insects. 1895. 
5. Comstock, J. H. Evolution and taxonomy. Reprinted from The 
Wilder Quarter-Century Book, 1893. 
6. Comstock, J. H. The wings of insects. Ithaca, 1918. 
