286 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
some individual alveolated and reticulated chromosomes are still 
visible as distinct independent entities. In figure 12 the lobed 
condition of the nucleus is still apparent, although this nucleus 
is in an entirely resting condition, as is shown by the cell itself. 
The nuclear membrane may perhaps be only the limiting portion 
of these alveolated chromosomes where they abut upon the cyto¬ 
plasm. Somewhat analogous formation of a nuclear membrane 
occurs in some animals as described by Vejdovsky (’07), Reuter 
(’09), and others. However, the vacuoles may interosculate with 
each other and may perhaps communicate with the surrounding 
cytoplasmic substance through the sap, although I have never 
seen anything to indicate the existence of such a communication. 
That a chromosome as it becomes reticulated may have its own 
nucleolus is shown in figure 8. I have often counted several such 
nucleoli in like position in the different chromosomes. As indi¬ 
cated, several nucleoli lie scattered in the nuclear reticulum (see- 
figs. 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 24, 25). As seen from these 
figures, the form and size of the nucleoles may vary, but they are 
usually spherical and often vacuolate. No extranuclear nucleoli 
were observed in the cytoplasm, as reported for certain Liliaceae 
and also for Adoxa by Lagerberg (’09). In Podophyllum there 
appears to be no direct connection between the nucleoli and the 
chromosomes, such as reported by Wager (’04) for Phaseolus and 
by Strasburger (’07a) for Marsilia, and which has also been de¬ 
scribed for certain animals. The origin of the nucleoli I have 
not been able to determine. They apparently arise de novo dur¬ 
ing the early telophases, without any morphological connection 
with the chromosomes. According to Mano (’04), in Phaseolus 
and Solanum the nucleoli appear independently of the chromatin. 
Fraser and Snell (’ll) hold that they appear as a droplet or 
several droplets usually in some relation to the chromosomes; 
Sharp (’13) finds the nucleoles appearing early among the loosely 
packed chromosomes, and suggests that there may be an indirect 
physiological connection between the nucleoli and the chromo¬ 
somes. I am inclined to the view of Strasburger (’95, ’00) that 
they are reserve materials which are used up in the kinoplasmie 
formations of the cell rather than that they are stores of chroma¬ 
tin, which may again be distributed upon the linin as Strasburger 
more recently holds. This view, however, is supported by no di¬ 
rect evidence in Podophyllum. 
