304 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts , and Letters. 
represents the lobes as distinctly anasomosed. I do not find these 
chromosome lobes always anastomosed and believe that the anas¬ 
tomosing is due largely to fixation. These chromosome lobes in 
Podophyllum suggest that each chromosome becomes distributed 
independently, each having its own osmotic membrane, and that 
perhaps the nuclear membrane may be only the limiting portion 
of the alveolated chromosomes. A somewhat analogous formation 
of the nuclear membrane is described by Vejdovsky (’07) for 
certain animals. He believes that the membranes of the kary- 
omeres go to form the nuclear membrane, which is therefore, 
nuclear in origin. It appears from my description that possibly 
the nuclear membrane may be in some way closely associated 
with, or related to, the outer limiting layer of the chromosomes. 
Sharp (’13), in common with most authors, would look upon the 
nuclear membrane as being formed by the reaction between the 
cytoplasm and the chromosomes, the membrane being formed by 
the outer boundaries of small vacuoles between the two. Sharp, 
therefore, would regard the nuclear membrane as cytolasmic. My 
observations on Podophyllum do not entirely support this view. 
That alveolar-reticulate chromosomes much resemble karyomeres, 
especially those described for some animals, is apparent. Kary¬ 
omeres are regarded by many as distributed chromosomes, their 
origin being traceable to the chromosomes of the spindle. As 
they are described by Reuter (’09), who has observed them to 
divide mitotically in Pediculopsis graminum, each karyomere 
maintains a complete individuality and continuity within its own 
membrane throughout all the stages of division, even persisting 
during the resting period. Richards (’07), who describes chro¬ 
mosome vesicles in Fundulus, and who holds that these vesicles 
persist and still maintain their unity of structure during rest, 
reviews the recent literature. Nemec (’10) holds that the kary¬ 
omeres described by Vejdovsky (’07), Bonnevie (’08-’ll), and 
others are formed by the vacuolation of the substance of the chro¬ 
mosomes; the karyomeres lie near each other and later fuse to 
form one large nucleus. Nemec believes it is quite possible to 
hinder or to retard this fusion by external conditions. In chlo- 
ralized roots of Visum sativum or in those treated with benzol 
vapor, Nemec observed an irregular diffuse distribution of the 
chromosomes in the cytoplasm, each chromosome forming a small 
nucleus. A wound stimulus also causes the chromosomes to be 
unequally distributed in the cell space and each chromosome may 
