290 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. 
salpina Bonducella, Cryptocarpus pyriformis, Discaria pauci- 
flora, Scalesia gummifera, and Solanum verbascifolium. In the 
more open places in this area there were large bunches of Pani- 
cum fasciculatum and other herbaceous plants. On barren lava 
beds and on exposed ridges in this vicinity, Cereus sclerocarpus 
was the only plant that grew to any considerable size. 
A change takes place in the vegetation between an elevation 
of 100 and 200 ft. where many of the plants common below dis¬ 
appear, the most common of which are: Acacia macracantha, 
Castela galapageia, Cereus sclerocarpus, Discaria pauciflora, 
Euphorbia viminea, and Waltheria reticulata, while such promi¬ 
nent woodland plants as Pisonia floribunda, Psidium gala- 
pageium, and Scalesia cordata begin to appear along with ferns 
and other plants, which are found abundantly higher up. There 
is a general thickening above an elevation of 200 ft. and fruticose 
lichens are very abundant on trees and bushes. 
Sapindus saponaria was first seen around 250 ft. elevation. 
There are only occasional trees of this species at this elevation, 
the dense Saponaria forests not beginning for another hundred 
feet or so in elevation. Scalesia cordata also increases in abun¬ 
dance so that the forest trees throughout the moist region con¬ 
sist mostly of these two species. There is a heavy growth of 
bushes in these forests, increasing with the elevation, which 
consist largely of the following species. Clerodendron molle, 
Croton Scouleri var. grandifolius, Erigeron tenuifolius, Psycho- 
tria rufipes, Tournefortia psilostachya, T. pubescens, and T. 
rufo-sericea. There are many ferns both terrestrial and epi¬ 
phytic, the common epiphytic species being: Polypodium lanceo- 
latum, and P. lepidopteris, while on the higher branches of many 
of the trees there are large bunches of Lycopodium dichotomum. 
Other common epiphytes in this region are Ionopsis utricular- 
iodes, Peperomia galapagensis, P. Stewarti, and Tillandsia in- 
sularis. There are a large number of trees of Hippomane Man- 
cinella in the forests at an elevation of 600 ft. but none were 
found below this, except near sea level. 
A considerable amount of the forest has been cleared away be¬ 
tween 600 and 1,300 ft. elevation. Much of this area has since 
been neglected and has grown up in bushes of Tournefortia rufo- 
sericea which are heavily covered in places with vines of Argy- 
reia tiliaefolia, and Ipomoea Bona-nox. There is also usually a 
heavy growth of grass in between the bushes, and brakes of Pter- 
