330 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences , Arts, and Letters. 
and the country is in the nature of a table land to the base of 
the main crater at about 2,200 ft. elevation. The sides of this 
crater are steep and the top has an elevation of 2,850 ft. To the 
south and southwest of the main crater there are deep valleys 
in between other craters and hills. The whole of the south side 
of the island is steep, above 900 ft. elevation, for several miles 
east of James Bay. Below this elevation, however, the slope is 
more gradual and the country is covered with recent flows of 
lava, the most of which has probably come from one or more of 
the small lateral craters around 900 ft. elevation. The lava 
fields are comparatively smooth near the shore, but higher up 
they become rough, and in places the lava has cooled enclosing 
gas bubbles with only a thin shell of lava above, through which 
one breaks in walking. 
The region around Sugarloaf mountain, towards the south¬ 
west side of the island, is covered with tufaceous deposits, which 
have probably come from the tufa craters in this vicinity. One 
of the smaller tufa craters, encloses a salt water lake, on the bot¬ 
tom of which there is a layer of apparently nearly pure salt sev¬ 
eral inches in thickness. The people from the inhabited islands 
used to come here for their supplies of salt many years ago. 
Except on the recent lava and on the steeper sides of the 
mountain, there is a considerable amount of soil to be found all 
over this part of the island. The soil is composed of disinte¬ 
grated lava, which on the higher parts is mixed with vegetable 
mold. No springs occur on this island but there are a few small 
stream beds in the upper region, which appeared to have con¬ 
tained water at some time, as there were water-worn stones and 
pebbles in them. 
There are but few halophytic plants on the sand beaches around 
James Bay. Batis maritima occurs in a few places and there is a 
considerable growth of bushes of Conocarpus erectus bordering 
the shore. A heavy growth of bushes and small trees surrounds 
the salt-water lake, just back of the beach, which consists of the 
following species: Avicennia officinalis, Cryptocarpus pyriformis, 
Discaria pauciflora, and Maytenus obovata. The remainder of 
the sandy area, at the base of the mountain, is covered with open 
woodland made up largely of trees of Bursera graveolens, and 
Erythrina velutina, the last of which were in blossom when we 
visited this place in December. There are also open grassy areas 
in the woodland covered mostly with Setaria setosa, bushes of 
