128 
D.J. Kitchener, W.C. Packer, A. Suyanto 
Table 1 Measurements, in mm, for skull, dentary, dental and external body characters (see Material and Methods 
section for explanation of character codes) of adult Nyctimene cephalotes aplini, N. c. cephalotes, N. keasti keasti 
and N. k. tozeri. N, sample size; X, mean; SD, standard deviation; MIN, minimum; MAX, maximum. 
GSL 
CBL 
PIF 
RL 
RH 
BB 
ZW 
M'M 1 
C‘C‘ 
Nyctimene cephalotes aplini 
N 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
(Sulawesi) 
X 
31.74 
30.22 
12.77 
6.39 
7.25 
13.40 
21.37 
9.56 
5.80 
SD 
0.47 
0.33 
1.48 
0.39 
0.27 
0.27 
0.48 
0.19 
0.27 
MIN 
31.05 
29.71 
11.76 
5.72 
6.64 
12.95 
20.74 
9.31 
5.43 
MAX 
32.42 
30.67 
13.54 
7.00 
7.59 
13.81 
22.24 
9.92 
6.17 
N. cephalotes cephalotes 
N 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
(Seram, Ambon, Buru) 
X 
30.13 
28.66 
12.23 
5.94 
7.05 
12.76 
19.80 
8.88 
5.57 
SD 
0.68 
0.64 
0.48 
0.27 
0.34 
0.37 
0.72 
0.32 
0.24 
MIN 
28.32 
26.98 
11.45 
5.27 
6.16 
11.59 
17.81 
7.81 
5.04 
MAX 
31.05 
29.69 
13.70 
6.39 
7.79 
13.39 
20.90 
9.42 
6.02 
N. cephalotes 
N 
34 
34 
35 
35 
35 
35 
35 
35 
35 
(Sulawesi, Seram, 
X 
30.56 
29.07 
12.37 
6.06 
7.10 
12.93 
20.21 
9.06 
5.63 
Ambon, Buru) 
SD 
0.95 
0.90 
0.53 
0.36 
0.33 
0.44 
0.96 
0.42 
0.26 
MIN 
28.32 
26.98 
11.45 
5.27 
6.16 
11.59 
17.81 
7.81 
5.04 
MAX 
32.42 
30.67 
13.70 
7.00 
7.79 
13.81 
22.24 
9.92 
6.17 
N. keasti keasti 
N 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
(Kai Besar, Kai Kecil) 
X 
28.77 
27.28 
12.06 
5.52 
6.36 
12.34 
19.06 
8.16 
5.46 
SD 
0.50 
0.52 
0.26 
0.34 
0.37 
0.31 
0.33 
0.24 
0.24 
MIN 
28.04 
26.02 
11.58 
4.96 
5.75 
11.64 
18.63 
7.66 
5.18 
MAX 
29.38 
27.88 
12.47 
6.00 
6.96 
12.68 
19.71 
8.45 
5.80 
N. keasti tozeri 
N 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44 
(Selaru, Yamdena) 
X 
29.50 
27.74 
11.85 
5.73 
6.72 
12.72 
19.34 
8.70 
5.57 
SD 
0.56 
0.48 
0.43 
0.27 
0.28 
0.28 
0.45 
0.23 
0.18 
MIN 
28.45 
26.64 
10.92 
5.07 
6.22 
12.20 
18.11 
8.09 
5.24 
MAX 
30.78 
28.74 
12.81 
6.30 
7.30 
13.94 
20.40 
9.09 
5.96 
N. keasti 
N 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
56 
(Kai Is, Tanimbar Is) 
X 
29.35 
27.65 
11.91 
5.68 
6.64 
12.64 
19.28 
8.58 
5.55 
SD 
0.62 
0.52 
0.41 
0.30 
0.33 
0.33 
0.44 
0.32 
0.20 
MIN 
28.04 
26.02 
10.92 
4.96 
5.75 
11.64 
18.11 
7.66 
5.18 
MAX 
30.78 
28.74 
12.81 
6.30 
7.30 
13.94 
20.40 
9.09 
5.96 
group. Of the two "ungrouped" Banda Neira 
specimens, both classified to the Kai group. 
These three island groups represent three 
described taxa as will be discussed below. These 
taxa are Nyctimene cephalotes (Ambon, Seram, Buru, 
Sulawesi); N. keasti (Kai and Tanimbar groups, 
with Banda Neira specimens referred to this 
group); and N. albiventer (Halmahera, Aru and 
Papua New Guinea). 
Nyctimene cephalotes populations 
A DFA was run for all 23 characters for the 
islands Ambon, Seram and Sulawesi, with Buru 
unallocated. A reduced set of five characters was 
selected from this above analysis. These were; 
condylobasal length, CBL; zygomatic width, ZW; 
mesopterygoid fossa breadth, MFB; mandible 
length, ML; and upper canine to first molar cusp 
length, C'M 1 . The selection of only skull and 
mandible characters in this subset of five characters 
enabled the inclusion of an additional sample of 
Sulawesi individuals (which were missing some 
external measurements) to be included in this DFA. 
This latter DFA extracted two significant functions 
which explained 100% of the variation (Figure 4). 
A total of 73.5% of individuals was correctly 
classified to their correct island population, with 
misclassification occurring between the Ambon 
and Seram populations. One of the Buru specimens 
was allocated by DFA to the Seram population and 
the other to the Ambon population. 
The DFA was run again using 23 characters for 
the two a priori groups: Sulawesi and the group 
Ambon, Seram and Buru. A subset of five 
characters (condylobasal length; C'M' length; M'M 1 
breadth; rostrum height; incisive foramen to 
posterior palatal length) was selected from the 
above analysis. This latter analysis extracted a very 
significant function and all individuals were 
correctly classified to their appropriate group 
(Figure 5). The characters loading most heavily on 
this function were CBL (1.9), C'M 1 (-1.4) and M'M 1 
(0.6) (Table 4). 
The type locality of the nominate subspecies of 
