Myotis adversus complex 
201 
Function 2 
Figure 4 Plots of Functions 1 and 2 from Canonical Variate Analysis (DFA) of male and female adult Myotis 
combined based on the following four locality groupings in the Western Australian Group: Western 
Australia; Queensland/Northern Territory; Papua New Guinea/Seram; and Solomon Is for (a) all skull 
characters except zygomatic breadth, and (b) all external characters. Locality codes as for Figure 2 caption. 
discriminating between the Western Australian 
Group and the Queensland/NT Group, were 
forearm length, ear length, digit 5 metacarpal 
length and digit 4 phalanx 2 length (Table 5b). 
In summary, three broad and distinct locality 
groups were apparent from DFA. These were: (i) 
the islands of Java, Nusa Penida, Kangean, through 
Nusa Tenggara to the southwestern islands of 
Maluku Tenggara, and possibly to New South 
Wales; (ii) central Maluku, northern Australia, 
Papua New Guinea to the Solomon Islands; and 
(iii) southeastern Australia. Further, within the first 
two of these broad locality groups are a further six 
recognisable locality subgroups. 
These locality groups and subgroups represent 
putative taxa. These grouped populations of Myotis 
include the following named forms of Myotis 
adversus : adversus; moluccarum; macropus; and 
solomonis. The following taxonomic section 
allocates these above named forms to their 
appropriate locality group, describes and 
rediagnosis the previously named taxa, and 
proposes and describes three new subspecies to 
represent unnamed and morphologically distinct 
populations. 
TAXONOMY 
Myotis adversus (Horsfield, 1824) 
Vesperlilia adversus Horsfield, 1824: 2 unnumbered 
pages 
Diagnosis 
Myotis adversus differs from Myotis moluccarum in 
averaging larger in all skull, dental and dentary 
characters, although none absolutely so (Table 1). 
For example, greatest skull length 16.55 (15.72- 
17.20) 73 v. 15.64 (14.98-16.37) 37; braincase 
breadth 8.11 (7.70-8.40) 73 v. 7.81 (7.48-8.19) 37; 
zygomatic width 10.40 (9.60-10.75) 63 v. 10.06 
(9.50-10.76) 34; PM 3 length 7.34 (7.01-7.75) 73 v. 
6.92 (6.68-7.32) 37; and dentary length 12.04 (11.43- 
12.54) 73 v. 11.52 (11.06-12.32) 37. Greatest skull 
length generally larger relative to both 
condylobasal length and braincase breadth (Figures 
6 a,b, respectively); and I'M 3 length generally 
greater relative to braincase breadth (Figure 7). It 
also averages larger in all external measurements. 
For example ear length 16.7 (14.1-18.2) 71 v. 15.1 
(13.8-16.0) 37; tibia length 19.0 (16.1-20.6) 71 v. 16.7 
(15.6-18.1) 37; forearm length 42.6 (38.0-45.2) 71 v. 
