214 
D.J. Kitchener, A. Suyanto 
M 2 crown breadth; SVL, tip of snout to anus length; 
TVL, distal tip of tail to anus length; EL, ear length; 
GTW, greatest tragus breadth; RL, radius length; 
D3-5MCL, digit 3-5 metacarpal length; D3P1-2L, 
digit 3 phalanx 1-2 length; TL, tibia length; PES, 
pes length. 
All skull, dentary and dental characters were 
measured with vernier callipers to 0.01 mm and 
external measurements to 0.1 mm. 
Adult status was recognised and adult age 
classes determined in the manner described in 
Kitchener et al. (1993a). 
The effect of sex and island on all characters was 
examined by standard multiple regressions (where 
all effects were assessed simultaneously) for the 
islands which had both sexes and all age classes 
present (Lombok, Sumbawa, Timor, Roti, Wetar, 
Kai Besar and Selaru (Tanimbar Group). Graphical 
inspection of raw data using residual plots from 
regression analysis gave no indication of 
heteroscedasticity. Because of the number of 
interactions tested in this analysis tire probability 
level was set at P<0.01. 
Stepwise Canonical Variate (Discriminant 
Function) Analysis (DFA) were run for skull, 
dentary and dental characters and separately for 
external characters after first examining for sexual 
dimorphism or age effects. A reduced set of five of 
these characters was used in the presented DFA 
because they provided similar DF plots to the 
Table 1 Measurements (in mm) for skull, dentary, dental and external body characters of adult Taphozous a. achates from 
Wetar Island and T. a. minor subsp. nov. from both Yamdena and Kai Besar Islands. X, mean; SD, standard 
deviation; MIN, minimum; MAX, maximum and N, sample size. 
GSL 
IOW 
POW 
CW 
MW 
ZW 
PPL 
PL 
DBC 
BL 
GBPL 
DL 
C'BW 
T. a. achates 
X 
21.66 
6.35 
4.72 
10.00 
11.38 
13.25 
10.36 
6.24 
2.31 
5.02 
4.01 
17.21 
1.29 
(Wetar Island) 
SD 
0.39 
0.23 
0.08 
0.19 
0.17 
0.25 
0.19 
0.19 
0.14 
0.14 
0.14 
0.30 
0.07 
MIN 
21.22 
5.95 
4.65 
9.62 
11.12 
12.88 
10.09 
6.05 
2.09 
4.79 
3.85 
16.82 
1.15 
MAX 
22.55 
6.59 
4.89 
10.25 
11.62 
13.71 
10.67 
6.52 
2.51 
5.13 
4.34 
17.76 
1.37 
N 
9 
9 
9 
9 
9 
8 
9 
9 
9 
8 
9 
9 
9 
T. a. minor 
X 
20.36 
6.25 
4.57 
9.62 
11.00 
12.76 
9.98 
5.82 
2.12 
4.72 
3.71 
16.32 
1.17 
subsp. nov. 
SD 
0.21 
0.29 
0.09 
0.09 
0.10 
0.17 
0.13 
0.17 
0.06 
0.09 
0.11 
0.25 
0.07 
(Yamdena Island) 
MIN 
19.94 
5.82 
4.48 
9.42 
10.88 
12.42 
9.82 
5.43 
2.04 
4.57 
3.49 
12.96 
1.06 
MAX 
20.61 
6.62 
4.73 
9.78 
11.15 
13.01 
10.21 
6.10 
2.23 
4.80 
3.84 
16.65 
1.28 
N 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
8 
12 
12 
12 
T. a. minor 
X 
20.74 
6.21 
4.65 
9.64 
11.09 
12.97 
10.10 
6.02 
2.15 
4.74 
3.85 
16.56 
1.26 
subsp. nov. 
SD 
0.25 
0.23 
0.07 
0.10 
0.09 
0.11 
0.23 
0.14 
0.12 
0.08 
0.12 
0.16 
0.06 
(Kai Besar Island) 
MIN 
20.43 
5.91 
4.54 
9.42 
10.96 
12.81 
9.75 
5.77 
2.01 
4.61 
3.56 
16.27 
1.20 
MAX 
21.12 
6.61 
4.81 
9.80 
11.25 
13.19 
10.43 
6.27 
2.41 
4.86 
4.07 
16.80 
1.38 
N 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
