Indonesian Bearded Tomb Bats 
217 
Table 2 Standardised and unstandardised (in brackets) 
Canonical Variate Function coefficients for three 
island groupings (the Lombok, Savu and 
Tanimbar groups - see text) using a reduced set 
of five (a) skull, dentary and dental characters and 
(b) external characters. 
Table 2a 
Character 
Function 1 
Function 2 
Dentary length 
0.9925 (3.9673) 
-0.0351 (-0.1404) 
Basial pit length 
-0.6740 (-5.1426) 
0.5109 (3.8982) 
Bulla length 
0.4514 (-3.5766) 
0.4798 (3.8009) 
M 2 length 
0.1256 (2.0740) 
0.6495 (10.7288) 
Interorbital breadth 
0.3673 (1.9550) 
-0.1179 (-0.6275) 
Constant 
-42.9653 
-50.0386 
Variance 
explained (%) 
82.5 
17.5 
Table 2b 
Character 
Function 1 
Function 2 
Tibia length 
0.8558 (0.8429) 
0.1265 (0.1246) 
Digit 3 metacarpal 
length 
-0.2202 (-0.1719) 
0.7704 (0.6014) 
Ear length 
0.4127 (0.3279) 
0.2918 (0.2318) 
Digit 3 phalanx 1 
length 
-0.4681 (-0.6943) 
-0.0529 (-0.0785) 
Digit 5 metacarpal 
length 
-0.1177 (-0.0836) 
0.3315 (0.2496) 
Constant 
0.4272 
-48.8648 
Variance 
explained (%) 
75.5 
24.5 
DFA of all 11 islands and all skull, dentary and 
dental characters indicate that on Function 3 
individuals from the Savu and Tanimbar Groups 
overlap considerably (graph not presented) 
indicating that individuals from the Tanimbar 
Group were associated in DF space with T. achates 
rather that with T. m. melanopogon. hr the following 
section the populations from Tanimbar and Kai 
Islands are described as a new subspecies of T. 
achates. 
TAXONOMY 
Taphozous achates minor subsp. nov. Kitchener 
Holotype 
Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) No. 
15908 (field number M42899), adult male, carcase 
fixed in 10% formalin and preserved in 70% 
ethanol, skull removed, cleaned and separate, liver 
stored in ultrafreeze at the Western Australian 
Museum. 
Type locality 
Pulau Kelapa, 2 km W Elat, Kai Besar Island 
Kepulauan Kai (05°39'S, 132°59'E), mist netted from 
the mouth of an open well-lit cave on the beach, by 
D.J. Kitchener and R.A. How on 19 October 1992. 
Paratypes 
Yamdena Island, Kepulauan Tanimbar Desa 
Olilit, 1 km S Saumlaki (from a World War II 
Japanese made tunnel) (7°59'S, 131°22’E), 2 6 <3 9 9 
2, WAM M (43527, 43529-31, 43538, 43541-43, 
43547—19). 2 km S Desa Lat Dalam, (from a large 
'doline' cave, among a number of other limestone 
caves) (7°03'S, 131°07'E), 1 6, WAM M 43672. 
Kai Besar Island, Kepulauan Kai, beach cave, 
Pulau (= islet) Kelapa, 2 km W Elat, Kai Besar 
Island (05°39'S, 132°59'E), 4 3 6 8 2 2, WAM M 
(42886-88, 42890-91, 42893-94, 42896-97, 42899- 
900, 42902). 
Diagnosis 
Taphozous achates minor differs from T. a. achates 
in averaging smaller in all characters measured 
(Table 1 and Kitchener et at. 1993: table 2)). For 
example, greatest skull length 20.55 (19.94—21.12) 
24 v. 21.54 (20.91-22.55) 28; interorbital breadth 
6.23 (5.82-6.62) 24 v. 6.48 (5.95-6.95) 28; zygomatic 
width 12.87 (12.42-13.19) 24 v. 13.22 (12.88-13.78) 
26; bulla length 4.73 (4.57-4.86) 20 v. 4.97 (4.75- 
5.55) 27; greatest basial pit length 3.78 (3.49-4.07) 
24 v. 4.04 (3.85-4.34) 28; C'M’ (alveoli) length 8.77 
(8.45-9.12) 24 v. 9.23 (8.85-9.74) 28; M 2 (crown) 
length 1.96 (1.79-2.06) 24 v. 2.15 (2.07-2.28) 28; tail 
to vent length 26.7 (23.8-30.8) 24 v. 27.3 (23.4-31.6) 
28; radius length 61.8 (59.5-64.1) 24 v. 63.8 (61.1- 
65.4) 28; tibia length 24.5 (23.8-25.3) 24 v. 25.5 
(23.3-26.8) 28. Also M 2 crown length and bulla 
length shorter relative to least interorbital breadth 
(Figure 3a,b); dentary length generally shorter 
relative to greatest basial pit length (Figure 4); and 
digit 3 metacarpal length shorter relative to tibia 
length (Figure 5). 
It differs from Taphozous m. melanopogon from 
these southern Indonesian islands by having 
mature adult males with a pale brown rather than 
a black throat beard. Most skull, dentary and 
dental characters average smaller. For example 
cranial breadth 9.63 (9.42-9.80) 24 v. 9.78 (9.46- 
10.22) 92; distance between cochleae 2.13 (2.01- 
2.41) 24 v. 2.27 (1.89-2.66) 92; bulla length 4.73 
(4.57-4.86) 20 v. 4.97 (1.59-5.42) 91; greatest basial 
pit length 3.78 (3.49-1.07) 24 v. 4.09 (3.73-4.36) 92; 
radius length 61.8 (59.5-64.1) 24 v. 63.4 (60.9-66.1) 
90. Some characters average larger. For example, 
least interorbital breadth 6.23 (5.82-6.62) 24 v. 5.99 
(5.60-6.33) 92; zygomatic width 12.87 (12.42-13.19) 
24 v. 12.60 (11.98-13.16) 92; tail to vent length 26.7 
(23.8-30.8) 24 v. 24.6 (18.8-29.5) 90; and tibia length 
24.5 (23.8-25.3) 24 v. 23.3 (19.9-25.5) 90. Least 
interorbital breadth greater relative to M 2 length 
