Indonesian Bearded Tomb Bats 
219 
Digit 3 metacarpal length 
Figure 5 Plot of tibia length versus digit 3 metacarpal 
length for both adult male and adult female 
T. m. melanopogon, T. a. achates and T. a. minor 
for all island populations. Codes for islands 
are as for Figure 2. 
and Kai Islands as predicted by Kitchener et al. 
(1993a). Its distribution on the islands to the 
immediate south and north of Timor islands add 
credence to its presumed presence also on Timor 
Island (see Kitchener et al. 1993a). We have not 
examined the specimen from Kai Island which 
Koopman and Gordon (1992) attributed to T. 
melanopogon, but consider that it most probably 
also represents T. achates minor. 
The morphological differentiation of T. achates on 
the eastern islands of Kai and Tanimbar reflects a 
pattern of intraspecific differentiation observed in 
other mammal species in the region. For example, 
Hipposideros sumbae, Pteropus lombocettsis and 
Cynopterus nusatenggara, all Nusa Tenggara 
endemics, differentiate morphologically into 
western and eastern forms (Kitchener and 
Maryanto 1993, Kitchener et al. 1995c,d). The bats 
Hipposideros diadema, Nyctimene albiventer, N. 
cephalotes, Syconycteris australis, Myotis adversus, 
Rhinolophus affinis and R. simplex, all species with 
more widespread distributions, also differentiate 
morphologically within this region (Kitchener et al 
1992, Kitchener et al. 1993; Kitchener et al.; in press 
1995a-d; Maharadatunkamsi 1990). This 
differentiation becomes more extreme on the more 
remote eastern islands of the Inner Arc, or on tire 
islands of the Outer Banda Arc that have been 
continuously isolated by seas from other island 
populations. Interestingly, the House Mouse, Mils 
musculus castaneus, which is widely distributed 
throughout Indonesia, also differentiates into a dis¬ 
tinct form on Wetar and Kisar Islands (Kitchener, 
unpublished data). 
Other specimens examined 
Taphozous achates achates 
Desa Ipokil, Wetar Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur 
(7°50'S, 126°16'E), 4 8 3 5 2$ WAM M(44510, 
44520-27). 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
We are grateful for the support of Mr A. Reeves, 
Director, Western Australian Museum and to Dr 
Soetikno, Director, Puslitbang Biologi, and Mr M. 
Amir, Director, Balitbang Zoologi, Bogor Indonesia 
and the Directors of Sub Balai Konservasi in Nusa 
Tenggara Barat (lr. P. Supriadi), Nusa Tenggara 
Timur (Ir. J. Mochtar) and Maluku Tenggara (Ir. J. 
Rustandi). 
A number of colleagues assisted in the field work 
of whom Dr R.A. How, Mr R.E. Johnstone, 
Western Australian Museum, and Ir. 
Maharadatunkamsi and Ir. I. Maryanto, Balitbang 
Zoologi, were principal. Mr C. Keast, Western 
Australian Museum, assisted in the preparation of 
skulls for this study. Mrs S. Dalton, Western 
Australian Museum, typed the manuscript. 
The field work was supported by a number of 
grants, including National Geographic Society 
Research Grants, Washington and the Australian 
Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. Freight 
costs were subsidised by Garuda Airlines. 
REFERENCES 
Kitchener, D.J., How, R.A., Cooper, N. and Suyanto, A. 
(1992). Hipposideros diadema (Chiroptera, 
Hipposideridae) in the Lesser Sunda Islands, 
Indonesia: Taxonomony and geographic 
morphological variation. Records of the Western 
Australian Museum 16:1-60. 
Kitchener, D.J. and Maryanto, I. (1993). Taxonomic re¬ 
appraisal of the Hipposideros larvatus species complex 
(Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in the Greater Sunda 
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Kitchener, D.J. and Schmitt, L.H., Hisheh, S., How, R.A., 
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Kitchener, D.J., Schmitt, L.H., Strano, P., Wheeler, A. 
