Birds of Nusa Tenggara islands 
159 
Figure 3 Mangal at Teluk Santong. 
5. Grassland. Areas of rank grassland "alang 
alang", Imperata cylindrica, often with scattered 
trees and shrubs occur throughout the island 
(Figure 6). 
Figure 4 Cultivated areas at Desa Daha, photographed 
by R. How. 
6. Woodland. Open woodlands occur in drier 
parts of the island especially coastal flats on the 
eastern end. Trees include Zizyphus, Acacia and 
Tamarindus (Figure 7). 
7. Meraran wetland. This is a large freshwater 
lake of about 860 ha with associated small 
swamps. The lake was largely carpeted with 
water hyacinth and water lilies and the 
swamps edged with stands of bulrush Typha 
and reeds Pragmites (Figure 8). 
8. Montane forest. At about 700 m in altitude the 
lowland forest grades into montane rainforest. 
This change is well marked structurally and 
floristically and takes place through a broad 
ecotone of about 200-300 m in altitude. 
Structurally, the forest becomes lower 
(averaging about 20 m), the leaves smaller, and 
the tree trunks thinner stemmed and more 
heavily mossed. Many trees and shrubs occur 
that are not found at lower altitudes and 
epiphytes and ferns are abundant. At Batu 
Dulang this forest extended upwards to about 
1200 m. On the higher peaks of Gunung 
Tambora above 1400 m the forest is largely 
dominated by Casuarina junghuniatia with an 
understorey of herbaceous plants and ferns. 
Lower slopes of Tambora were once also 
clothed with pure stands of Daabanga 
moluccana highly prized for its timber, but most 
of this appears to have been cleared (Figure 9). 
Pulau Moyo is an uplifted limestone island about 
27 km long, 8-20 km wide, about 335 km 2 and with 
a maximum height of 200 m. It is situated 1.5 km 
off the northwest coast of Sumbawa near Sumbawa 
Besar at the mouth of Teluk Saleh. Three sites were 
visited on Moyo by the WAM-MZB expedition 
namely: Desa Sebotok 8°09 , 30' , S, 117°37'15"E on 
