164 
R.E. Johnstone, P. Jepson, S.H.M. Butchart, J.C. Lowen, D. Prawiradilag; 
begins in November, peaks in December-January 
and may continue until March. From May to 
September the winds are predominantly from the 
southeast (east monsoon) and are relatively dry. 
April and October are transitional. Mean daily 
temperatures range from 22-32° C, and average 
humidity is 85%. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 
1000 mm in lowlands to 3000 mm in highlands. 
The eastern part of Sumbawa is considerably drier 
than the west. 
ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY 
Previous collections and additional data are 
available from: 
1. J. Wivan van Lansberge 1880-1883, Governor 
General: Flores, Sumbawa, Alor and Timor 
(Junge 1954); 
2. F. Guillemard, 1885, report on the collections 
of birds made during the voyage of the yacht 
'Marchesa' (Bruce 1987); 
3. W. Doherty 1887-1898, collector for Lord 
Rothschild on Sulawesi, Talaud 1887, 1891, 
1896, Lombok, Sumbawa, Satonda, Bacan, 
Halmahera, Buru, Tanimbar, Obi and Kai (his 
hunters only) 1897-1898 Gunge 1954, Murphy 
1932, Rothschild 1983); 
4. J. Elbert 1909-1910, Sunda Expedition to 
Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Wetar, Muna, SE 
Sulawesi (Elbert 1911, Rensch 1926 and 1931, 
van Berrvmel and Voous 1951, Junge 1954 and 
Jany 1955); 
5. B. Rensch's observations and collections from 
Lombok, Sumbawa and Flores (Rensch 1930, 
1931); 
6. G.A. Lincoln and others 1973, surveys of 
Lombok, Sumbawa and Komodo (Lincoln 
1974, 1975); 
7. FAO/UNDP Bogor 1981, survey Pulau Moyo 
and the Sanggar Peninsula (Gunung Tambora), 
a plan for conservation in northern Sumbawa; 
8. The Birds of Wallacea (White and Bruce 1986); 
9. D. Gibbs (1990) Wallacea, unpublished site 
guide for birdwatchers; 
10. V. Mason (1990) Bali Bird Club Newsletter, No 
1. unpublished; 
11. K.D. Bishop (1992) New and interesting 
records of birds in Wallacea; 
12. B.R. Lees' observations on Moyo from 1992- 
1995; 
13. S.H.M. Butchart et al. 1993, Preliminary report 
of the Cambridge Flores/Sumbawa 
conservation project (unpublished report); 
14. Collections in Museum Zoologicum 
Bogoriense (MZB). 
ANNOTATED SPECIES LIST 
Classification and nomenclature follows Andrew 
(1992) and White and Bruce (1986). 
Hydrobatidae 
Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm-petrel 
Sumbawa I. - One offshore an hour east of Sape on 20 
August 1993. First recorded for Sumbawa by Bishop 
(1992). 
Fregatidae 
Fregata arid Lesser Frigatebird 
Sumbawa 1. - Five between Sape and Komodo 1. on 21 
August 1993 also one probably this species offshore near 
Sumbawa Besar on 10 August 1993. Recorded by Gibbs 
(1990) between Sape and Komodo in December 1989 and 
Mason (1990) at Badas. 
Moyo 1. - Two just offshore between Sebotok and 
Brang Kua on 9 November 1988. These are the first 
records for the Sumbawa region. 
Phalacrocoracidae 
Phalacrocorax melaiioleucos Little Pied Cormorant 
Sumbawa I. - Flocks of 10 and 4 at a freshwater lake, 
Meraran on 13 May 1988, also one 5 km east of Alas on 
9 August and another on 19 August 1993. The first 
records for Sumbawa. 
Anhinga in. melanogaster Darter 
Sumbawa I. - One calling from a freshwater lake at 
Meraran on 13 May 1988. Also one from Sumbawa Besar 
in MZB collection. 
Sulidae 
Sula leucogaster Brown Booby 
Sumbawa I. - One just off Alas on 29 May 1988. The 
first record for Sumbawa. 
Pelecanidae 
Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican 
Sumbawa 1. - Uncommon vagrant from Australia. A 
flock of 300 recorded in western Sumbawa during May- 
December of 1978 (Somadikarta and Holmes 1979 and 
Escott and Holmes 1980). 
Ardeidae 
Ardea cinerea jouyi Grey Heron 
Sumbawa 1, - Two huge herons with white 
underparts, a black line through the eye and black flight 
feathers, were observed at a freshwater lake at Meraran 
on 13 May 1988. Rensch (1931) lists an immature female 
collected on Sumbawa in May. 
Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron 
Moyo I. - Single birds on coastal reefs at Tanjung Pasir 
on 13 and 14 November 1988, and two regularly 
observed in Amanwana Bay between 1992 and 1995. The 
first records for the Sumbawa region. 
