432 
A.M. De Pomeroy 
greatest diameter, and have a gently convex or flat 
base. The crown ornament consists of a central area 
of posteriorly-inclined, pointed, stellate tubercles. 
In one specimen (Figure 6K, L), the tubercles are 
closely-packed, with larger ones in the centre; in 
the other figured specimen (Figure 61) the tubercles 
are more widely spaced. In both specimens the 
central tuberculated region of the crown is 
surrounded by a marginal area of small rounded 
nodes in concentric rows. 
Discussion 
Similar scales are figured by Obruchev and 
Karatajiite-Talimaa (1967, plate 1, figure 9), 
assigned to a rhenanid related to Radotina from the 
Early Devonian of eastern Europe; by Goujet (1976, 
plate 62, figures 12 and 14), assigned to an 
indeterminate radotinid from the Lochkovian- 
Pragian of France; and mentioned by Turner and 
Murphy (1988) from the Pragian Martin's Well 
Limestone at Broken River and from the Early 
Devonian of NSW. 
Class Teleostomi 
Subclass Osteichthyes Huxley, 1880 
Infraclass Crossopterygii Huxley, 1861 
Order Struniiformes Jessen, 1966 
Family Onychodontidae Woodward, 1891 
Onychodontid indet. 
Figures 5A-G 
Material 
430 whole or parts of teeth (QMF 31834-5 and 
428 others; Figures 5A, B); Two scale fragments 
(QMF 31836-7; Figures 5C, D); Eight tooth-bearing 
bone fragments (QMF 31838—9 and six others; 
Figures 5E-G). 
Localities 
QMF 31834-5: SD15/14.2-213.8 m, SD111/31- 
240 m, SD128/54.3-201.5 m, SD130/3.6-63.5 m, 
SD131/92.1-207.4 m, SD146/429.5 m, SD164/80.8- 
124.1 m, SD170/200-850 m, SD192/0-60 m, 
SD198/111.9 m, SD204/95-120 m, SD210/69.7-104 
m, SD216/0-107 m, SAG/16.1-112 m and SAGW/ 
20 m; Papilio and Bracteata formations, 
Lomandra, Dosey, Spanner, Stanley and Chinaman 
Creek limestones. 
QMF 31836-7: SD164/24.7 m; Papilio Formation. 
QMF 31838-9: SD15/107.9 m, SD128/104.2-118.8 
m, SD204/114.2-115.9 m, SD210/87.7 m and 
SD216/29.2 m; Papilio Formation and Spanner 
Limestone. 
Stratigraphic ranges 
QMF 31834—5: Emsian ( serotinus Zone) to earliest 
Frasnian ( asymmetricus Zone). 
QMF 31836-7: Givetian (Upper varcus Zone). 
QMF 31838-9: Givetian (Lower and Middle 
varcus zones). 
Remarks 
The teeth are compatible with the description by 
Wells (1944:44) of the prearticular and coronoid 
series set in the jawbone between the longer, more 
slender dentary teeth. 
The scale fragments resemble the Onychodus 
scales discussed and figured by Wells (1944:44, 
figure 9c). Scales with ornament of horseshoe¬ 
shaped denticles with a flattened or slightly 
concave top face have also been described or 
figured in the literature from porolepiforms and 
dipnoans: on scales of the porolepiforms Heimenia 
ettsis 0rvig 1969 (figure 6D) and Porolepis (0rvig 
1957, figure 8C) along the anterior border, and 
Laccognathus and Glyptolepis (0rvig 1957, figures 
2B, 4C, 10B) on the overlapped portion; scales of 
the onychodontid Onychodus (0rvig 1957, figures 
7C, E); and the dipnoan lowadipterus halli Schultze, 
1992 (figure 9A). However, in none of these scales 
are the horseshoe-shaped tubercles interspersed 
with smaller, rounded tubercles arranged linearly, 
as in the Broken River specimens. 
The tooth-bearing bone fragments resemble those 
of Onychodus sp. (e.g. Wells 1944, plate 3, figure 37; 
Vieth-Schreiner 1983, plate 4, figures 44-45), and 
are socketed in the jawbone. However, these teeth 
are smooth, in contrast to the striated teeth of 
Onychodus. 
Description 
QMF 31834-5: The teeth are slender, conical and 
curved with fine longitudinal striations; the 
striations cover the whole surface of the cusp, 
unlike the chondrichthyan phoebodont cusp 
discussed above, with striations only on the labial 
surface. Length ranges from 0.5 mm to 
approximately 2.5 mm. The base of most 
specimens is tapering and nonfluted. 
QMF 31836-7: Surface ornament is of coarser 
horseshoe-shaped, flattened denticles about 100 pm 
long and 50 pm high, interspersed with rows of 
finer tubercles (Figure 5C). The base of the scale 
fragments is flat and unomamented. 
QMF 31838-9: The fragments are up to about 2 
mm long, with smooth, conical, socketed teeth up 
to about 0.5 mm long. Broken cusps show a central 
pulp cavity (Figures 5F, G). 
Discussion 
A specimen from the Emsian Spirifer yassensis 
Limestone of the Murrumbidgee area, NSW, 
described by 0rvig (1969, figure 11c) as a pre¬ 
maxillary of a struniiform crossopterygian, has 
conical, socketed teeth with a central pulp cavity. 
