ADJUSTMENT OF THE FORCEPS. 
49 
The use of the forceps shown in figs. 20 and 21 necessitates fulcra or pivots 
of different thicknesses. In young horses the pre-molars and their crowns are 
directed backwards, the molars forwards (the second and third more than the 
first), and these facts must be kept in sight both in applying the forceps and in 
choosing fulcra. The direction of pull or traction line must follow the longi¬ 
tudinal axis of the tooth. As will be seen from fig. 27, which shows the teeth of a 
six-year-old horse, the roots of the pre-molars point more or less forwards, whilst 
those of the molars take an opposite direction. The pre-molars accordingly 
must be grasped deep down and a thick fulcrum selected. In drawing molars 
Fig. 24.—Gunther’s forceps Fig. 25.—Gunther’s forceps 
for first lower molars. for first upper molars. 
Fig. 26.— Frick and Hauptner's 
“ Universal” forceps. 
the practice is reversed; the tooth is gripped just below its upper surface ; 
the pivot should be thin; better still, a pair of second-class lever forceps may 
be used. 
In old and quiet horses the tooth may be drawn standing; younger and 
fidgety animals are better cast. A halter is put on and a mouth-gag insetted. 
An assistant sitting on the horse’s neck directs its head towards the light, whilst 
another passes a cord across the upper interdental space, and draws the head 
upwards and backwards. 
The operator having satisfied himself as to the condition of the mouth, and 
y.s E 
