TREATMENT OF TYMPANITES OF THE GUTTURAL POUCH. 
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accumulation of fluid secretion must be viewed and treated according to 
the principles previously described. 
Treatment. Where atmospheric air accumulates, Gunther’s catheter 
is used ; and if the condition recurs, the guttural pouch is opened, and 
a seton or drainage-tube inserted. Stockfleth employed this method 
successfully. Friebel pierced the cavity with a trochar, and injected 
astringents like 2 per cent, solution of sulphate of zinc. Where such 
methods are unsuccessful, it is better to divide the opening of the 
Eustachian tube, as was done by Niebuhr with good results. Possibly 
the valve-like action of the tube is thus done away with. McFadyean 
failed to effect a cure even after several times operating. On post-mortem 
examination of the case he found the opening of the Eustachian tube 
contracted and indurated. Thomassen recommends opening the sac at 
the posterior border of the under jaw, dilating the opening with the 
forefinger, and washing out with some antiseptic fluid. On account of 
the dyspnoea often present, the same principles obtain as in treatment of 
catarrhal affections of the guttural pouch. 
YIL—DISEASES OF THE SKULL. 
In animals the brain and portion of the head described as the skull 
have a much less extensive development than in man. One portion, 
especially in ruminants, is covered by the frontal sinuses. Injuries to 
this portion are of less importance than in the human subject. The 
fact, however, that most fractures of the skull are only discovered on 
post-mortem examination suggests the need for particular caie in foie- 
casting the probable results in cases of injury. 
(1) FRACTURES AND INJURIES TO THE CRANIAL 
BONES. 
The cranial cavity is formed by the parietal, interpaiietal, tempoial, 
occipital, and sphenoid bones, in front by the ethmoid and the uppei 
section of the frontal. Fractures of the cranial bones aie caused 
by falls (either forwards or backwards), collisions, kicks, horn tlnusts, 
and in carnivora by bites from other animals, kicks, and similai 
injuries. The sphenoid is sometimes broken by the contrecoup lesulting 
from collisions. Subcutaneous fractures of the above-named bones occur, 
but complicated fractures are most common. In some cases concussion 
exists simultaneously with injury of the brain or spinal cord produced by 
dislocated fragments of bone. 
Konig has given a resume of the frequency with which the cranial bones 
are respectively fractured, based on the official statistics of the Piussian 
