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PARALYSIS OF THE PHARYNX AND (ESOPHAGUS. 
(“ only rudiments existed ”), while the wall of the pharynx on the leftside 
was dilated in a pouch-like form. Pharyngeal paralysis was also seen 
in an army horse, but disappeared after eight days treatment with 
strychnine. 
Eeports as to inability to swallow appear enigmatical. The horses can take 
food, chew, and swallow in the usual way, but are unable to make drinking 
movements. They go greedily towards the water, make snapping movements 
with the lips, and move the tongue without being able to take a single swallow 
of water. Friedberger and Frohner believed that a congenital defect existed 
in the nervous centre (sucking centre). But it is remarkable that the animals 
under these circumstances had lived so long, the one mentioned by Friedberger 
being eight years old. Leitenstern reports cases of slowly developing cramp 
of the cardia in man. A person who had regularly vomited the food swallowed 
without its being mixed with gastric juice was, after death, found to have 
dilatation of the entire oesophagus, but no mechanical obstruction could be 
found. 
Symptoms. Inability to swallow, especially if associated with stoppage 
of the oesophagus with food, reveals the nature of the case. It is often 
noted in rabid dogs that the animals attempt to drink, but that little or 
none is swallowed. It is difficult to determine whether the inability to 
swallow depends alone on the masticatory facial muscle paralysis or in 
part on paralysis of the pharynx. 
Treatment. It is of primary importance to attempt the removal of the 
frequently existing obstruction in the oesophagus, and for this end the 
probang is most useful. Appropriate diet must also be given. Drugs 
are of little use, though strychnine might be tried. It is more hopeful to 
treat the general conditions to which the disease is sometimes due. 
(6.) TUMOURS IN THE PHARYNX AND OESOPHAGUS. 
Such tumours are more common in cattle than in other animals. New 
growths in this region have long been recognised ; their gravity depends 
upon their nature. Roloff considered them to be retention tumours, 
arising from the mucous glands of the pharynx. Harms declared them 
to be lymphomata, but recently the conviction has gained ground that 
they are usually cases of actinomycosis. They generally develop singly 
on the posterior upper wall of the pharynx, under the sphenoid bone, or 
close above and behind the larynx. Harms named the former, which 
usually attain the size of an apple, “ anterior,” the latter, which are 
commonly much larger, “ posterior pharyngeal actinomycomata.” Con¬ 
sidering their frequency in cattle, infection is doubtless often produced by 
food containing spores of actinomyces. The comparatively thin, tender 
mucous membrane injured by the passage of hard sharp forage is easily 
infected. As the growths enlarge, the following symptoms appear :— 
(1) Dyspnoea. The respiration is snoring and rattling, attended with 
