TREATMENT OF BRUISES BY THE COLLAR. 
243 
muscles undermined with pus must be freely laid open. Cutaneous 
swellings produced by collar pressure are to be diagnosed and treated in 
the same way as similar injuries caused by the saddle. In harness 
horses, and particularly in the heavier breeds, a swelling is often seen at 
the base of the neck, and about 3 or 4 inches in front of the withers, 
caused by bruising of a mucous bursa existing at this point; the swelling 
varies in size between that of the clenched fist and a man’s hand. Such 
swellings should not be opened unless it is clear that pus has formed, as 
fistulse of the withers and necrosis of the ligamentum nuclue may thus 
be produced. This bursa is occasionally the seat of sarcomatous or other 
new growths. The injuries produced by traces, tail straps, girths, and 
surcingles usually consist of excoriations of the skin, are caused by the 
harness not fitting accurately and, during the animal’s work, moving 
continually over the surface of the skin, and so rubbing off hair and 
epidermis. Such injuries are naturally favoured by a hard and rough 
condition of the harness. To protect the injured spots, the portions of 
the harness causing the injury should be covered with smooth waxed 
linen, which is preferable to hare or rabbit skin, sometimes used. 
In cattle similar injuries are caused at the upper part of the neck, by 
the collar or yoke. The diagnosis and treatment must be as above 
indicated. In those animals deep-seated suppuration occurs in the 
region of the poll, giving rise to intermuscular inflammation and fuithei 
pus formation, and sometimes producing conditions which are very 
difficult to treat. Bruises on the head in cattle are also caused by 
yokes, especially if the horns are placed low, or the forehead is markedly 
convex. Such inflammatory processes readily extend to the peiiosteum, 
lead to necrosis of the temporal bone, and may extend to the horn 
core, producing loosening and loss of the horns. Swelling, incieased 
warmth, and pain occur to a varying extent and degiee. The piognosis, 
however, is usually favourable, if the animals can be laid off work for 
some time. As to treatment, the general principles of suigeiy must be 
pursued. Necrotic bone and loosened horns aie to be lemoved, and the 
spread of inflammation checked by antisepsis. 
YIL—TUMOURS OF THE BREAST. 
In draught horses, tumours occur in and under the skin, chiefly from 
friction of the collar. They are either single oi multiple, and may 
attain considerable size. Those in grey horses are generally melanotic ; 
in horses of other colours they may be mycofibromatic, or result from 
infection with boWyomyces, staphylococci, and other pyogenic cocci, 
sometimes introduced by dirty collars. Wilhelm found enlargements in 
the skin of the breast, each containing a small pus centie. I hey had 
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