364 
AFTER-TREATMENT FOR CYSTIC CALCULI. 
weighing 20 ounces gangrenous cystitis with septic paraproctitis and peri¬ 
tonitis resulted, from which the animal died on the fifth day after 
operation. 
Large calculi may be crushed, though the instruments intended for 
this purpose are not constructed for calculi of the above size. Calculi 
indeed often yield to powerful pressure from the forceps and fall to 
pieces; Bouley’s forceps (fig. 164) may be employed as a lithotrite. 
They have the advantage that they can be fixed after grasping the stone, 
thus rendering easier the extraction of large con¬ 
cretions. Bouley’s instrument is useful, though 
in most cases the older calculus forceps are 
sufficient (fig. 163), and a pair of farrier’s tongs 
are even said to have been used. 
Urethral calculi are rare in mares, whilst 
vesical calculi may generally be removed with¬ 
out incision; the urethra can be sufficiently 
dilated to admit a small hand and calculi the 
size of hens’ eggs have thus been removed. 
Forceps are used, and the urethra slowly en- 
larged. Until the stone can pass through it, 
considerable exertion of power is necessary, 
and complete dilatation often occupies half an 
houi 01 more; an assistant may be required. 
Moller removed by this method from the bladder 
of a mare a stone the size of a hen’s egg and 
weighing nearly 2J ozs, Hertwig divided the 
urethra laterally, Kutzner the upper wall; 
Fehsenmeir, after dividing the urethra for the 
space of 2 inches in an upward direction, with- 
diew by hand a stone weighing 7 ozs. Kramer 
FlG> 164 "7o F c°eps y,S CalCuluS removed one of 15 i ozs - 5 the urethra was dilated 
throughout, so that Kramer was able to remove 
the stone by hand. Recovery occurred in twenty-eight days. 
The stone illustrated, weighing 3f ozs., and measuring 7J inches in cir¬ 
cumference, was removed by A. Chinniah, of Ceylon. It was not spheri¬ 
cal, but convex on both surfaces, and was apparently composed, outwardly 
of phosphate, and inwardly of oxalate of lime. The final results of 
operation were not reported, though the animal was said to be doing well. 
\ .-Lieutenant Walker removed from a gelding an oxalate of lime 
calculus weighing 7J ozs., with a nucleus, consisting of blood clot (see 
figs. 166 arid 167). Instruments failed to grasp or crush the stone, so 
the constrictor urethrae was incised on both sides, the hand introduced 
into the bladder and the stone, which was of oval section and measured 
