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INFLAMMATION OF THE URINARY BLADDER. 
necessary. The same is true of rams, though in them the entrance is 
rendered still more difficult by the free portion of the urethra. In case 
of need, the end may be cut off or the urethra incised behind this 
point (see “ Urethrotomy in Ruminants ”). 
Catheterisation is easiest in the dog. The animal is placed on a table 
in the dorsal position, with the left side towards the operator. The penis 
is then exposed by the method described under “ Urinary Calculi in the 
Dog,” and the catheter, previously carefully prepared, passed into the 
urethra. To prevent injuring the canal at its curve over the ischial arch, 
the instrument is passed as far as this point, and the steel stilette then 
drawn back at the same rate as the catheter advances; when the bladder 
is reached, the stilette is removed entirely. 
By means of the catheter not only can decomposed urine, &c., be 
removed, but fluids may, if necessary, be introduced into the bladder and 
its mucous membrane directly treated. Baertz, in a case of strangury, 
injected infusion of belladonna with good results. Grintzer states 
having cured contraction of the neck of the bladder which impeded 
catheterisation in a horse by clysters of chloral hydrate, renewed at 
intervals of a quarter of an hour. 
VI.—INFLAMMATION OF THE URINARY BLADDER 
(CYSTITIS). 
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder usually 
results from decomposition of the urine (alkaline fermentation), and 
irritation produced by products of such decomposition; or from 
mechanical lesions produced by hard bodies like cystic calculi. In 
females infectious processes, e.g., diphtheritic or septic inflammation 
of the uterus and vagina, extend to the bladder, especially soon after 
birth. Roder saw such a case in the cow. Finally, irritant substances, 
cantharides, oil of turpentine, and the like, may be excreted from the 
blood through the medium of the urine, which if long retained may 
cause inflammation of the cystic mucous membrane. Cystitis may 
perhaps be produced in this way during the course of infectious 
diseases. 
Inflammation of the outer surface of the bladder, that is, of the 
serosa covering it (pericystitis), occurs as a diffuse peritonitis after 
castration and similar causes. It may, however, appear locally in 
consequence of chronic inflammation spreading from the uterus, rectum, 
or spermatic cord. 
In a horse described by Oeben, which had suffered for four days 
from colic, and had died after passing large quantities of faeces and 
exhibiting continuous straining, the wall of the urinary bladder was 
