526 
FRACTURE OF THE ULNA. 
in eight to fourteen days, a powerful douche may prove serviceable. 
At a later stage, irritants may be tried, and in the event of their failing, 
setons. The long rest thus ensured has a very important influence in 
determining recovery. When massage can be properly applied it should 
have piefeience, especially in disease of soft parts, as it assists resorption 
of inflammatory products, increases nutrition of muscles, and prevents 
atrophy. 
Antiseptic poultices are also useful, particularly in the inflammation 
following injury or rheumatic disease. Sometimes both methods may 
be used together. Subcutaneous injections of veratrin are also worth a 
tiial. There is no doubt that veratrin affects the functional activity of 
muscle, and assists metabolism. In shoulder lameness due to muscular 
rheumatism exceedingly good results often follow veratrin injections. 
\ eiatiin that is insoluble in water should be used, because it is less 
rapidly absorbed, and therefore produces a local effect. Wonderful 
lesults aie said to have been produced in some cases by the subcutaneous 
injection of the following solution : Atropin sulphate *75 grain, morphine 
hydrochlor 8 grains, water 800 grains. Failures, however, are not 
infiequent, and in some cases fatal colic is said to have occurred, which 
has been attributed to the atropin. If this treatment be tried, the 
animals should be fasted for 12 hours beforehand or the dose of atropin 
diminished. Moller saw no good results from subcutaneous injection of 
common salt. A pure solution produces no visible effect, whilst if the 
solution oi syringe is dirty, extensive pus and abscess formation may 
ensue, whatever efficacy the treatment has, apparently, depends on 
its causing puiulent inflammation. The same objection applies to 
injections of turpentine and ether; and as they occasionally produce 
violent local action and necrosis of the soft tissues, their employment is 
dangerous. 
"When the stiide remains shortened for a long time, Von Chelchowski 
recommends moving the horse in a small circle, with the lame foot 
outwards. 
B. DISEASES OF THE ELBOW AND FORE ARM. 
I.—FRACTURE OF THE ULNA. 
Though seen in all species of animals fractures of the ulna are rather 
rare except in horses. In horses the olecranon is generally broken, in 
other animals the strongly developed body, as a consequence of external 
violence, in the form of kicks, treads, or falls. Jansen reports three 
cases, one caused by falling and sliding along the ground and two by 
kicks. Double-sided fracture of the ulna was seen in a horse which had 
