152 The American Geologist. March, 1905 
material. This last method of proving the quality was fol- 
lowed in person by Mr. H. A. Mayo, of Walhalla, who was 
the owner of the most advantageous site where the clays are 
exposed. He has recently established a plant on this 
ground. 
The clays prove to be especially suitable for the manu- 
facture of drain tile, hollow block, common auger machine 
brick and pressed brick. Of pressed brick many varieties 
have been made by using different beds or dififerent mixtures 
of beds. Normally the clays burn either red or cream col- 
ored depending upon the lime content of the horizon, and 
both of these give good background for variation. By mix- 
ing the two in granulated condition, as received from the 
dry pan, a most attractive natural red and white mottled 
effect is produced. 
The usefulness of drain tile for the peculiar valley con- 
ditions is just beginning to prove itself. Trial tests of farm 
■drainage with tile last year are altogether encouraging. 
Because of the rigors of the climate, together with the sub- 
stantial prosperity of the country, building materials of the 
best grade are always in demand. 
The proximity of fhis deposit to the Red river valley 
where brick clays of good quality are rare, and where struc- 
tural materials of all kinds must be brought from the out- 
side at high prices, makes it of great economic importance. 
PROF. HULL'S "SUBOCEANIC TERRACES AND RIVER VAL- 
LEYS OFF THE COAST OF EUROPE." 
(Reviewed by J. W Spencer.) 
AVe are indebted to Prof. Edward Hull of London for 
his extensive investigations of the river-like valleys and 
canyons incising the continental shelf an^ the continental 
slope on the eastern side of the Atlantic ; thus bringing into 
prominence the submarine physiographic characters which 
had been hitherto largely overlooked. These studies ap- 
pear in a series, under suitable titles* which if assembled 
* "Another Possible Cause of the Glacial Epoch," by Prof. Ed. Hull, 
LL. D. F. R. S., Victoria histitute, London, 1898, pp. 30. "Submerged 
Terraces and River Valleys borderiner the British Isles." lb. vol. xxx, 
(1897; pp. 305-324); "Suboceanic Terraces and River Valleys off the West 
ern Coast of Europe," lb. author's copy (1899) pp. 20;" * * * Off the 
West African Continent and of the Mediterranean Basin," lb (1900), 
pp. 18:, "The Physical History of the Norwegian Fjords" lb. (1902), pp 
26. "Suboceanic Physical Features off the Coast of Western Europe, in 
eluding France, Spain and Portugal," Geog. Jour. (1899), pp. 10. Also in 
Trans. Manchester Geological Society, op. 313-328, vol. xxvi, 1899. 
